Per- och polyfluoroalkylämnen (PFAS) är i enkla termer fluorerade kolväten som har använts i ett flertal produkter på grund av deras unika förmåga att vara vatten- och smutsavstötande, värmetåliga samt skiktbildande. PFAS har släppts ut i naturen på flera olika sätt. En stor bov till det är brandskum beståendes av vattenhaltigt filmbildande skum (AFFF), vilket innehåller PFAS. Stora volymer brandskum har släppts ut vid bränder eller brandövningsplatser. PFAS är mycket svårnedbrytbara och bioackumulerande, vilket betyder att de stannar kvar i miljön lång tid framöver. Eftersom de även har bevisats vara hälsofarliga vid små mycket mängder, har många varianter av PFAS blivit bannlysta, samt att rening av PFAS blivit centralt. Det har gjorts väldigt mycket forskning kring hur man renar PFAS från vatten vid dricksvattenproduktion, men inte lika mycket på hur man sanerar PFAS från mark och grundvatten in situ (på plats), främst eftersom det är svårt på grund av PFAS-kemikaliernas egenskaper. Det är en viktig del för att kunna ta bort PFAS ur naturen, då en stor del av den PFAS som blivit utsläppt, vid exempelvis brandövningsplatser, skapat plymer i jord och grundvatten som fortsätter vara spridningspunkter. Syftet med litteraturstudien är att sammanställa och jämföra utvecklande metoder inom området in situ sanering av PFAS för att se vilka metoder som har potential att stoppa spridningen. / Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are, in simple terms, fluorinated hydrocarbons that have been used in many products because of their unique ability to be water- and dirt-repellent, heat-resistant, and film forming. PFAS has been released into the environment in several ways. A major culprit is firefighting foam consisting of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), which contains PFAS. Large volumes of firefighting foam have been released during fires or firefighting exercises. PFAS are very persistent and bioaccumulative, meaning they stay in the environment for a long time. Since they have also been proven to be harmful to health at very low concentrations, several varieties of PFAS have been banned, and cleaning up PFAS has become a central issue. There has been a lot of research on how to clean PFAS from water during drinking water production, but not as much on how to remediate PFAS from soil and groundwater in situ (on-site), mainly because it is difficult due to the properties of the PFAS chemicals. This is an important part of removing PFAS from the environment since a large part of the PFAS that has been released, for example at firefighting sites, has created plumes in soil and groundwater that continue to be points of spread. The purpose of the literature study is to compile and compare developing methods in the field of in situ remediation of PFAS to see which methods have the potential to stop the spread.

This thesis is designed to introduce beginning and experienced heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) engineers to common indoor air quality (IAQ) problems and solutions. The bulk of the work is a literature review of common pollutants, pollutant sources, HVAC equipment and systems, and remediation techniques. Pollutants covered include fungi, bacteria, dust mites, viruses, biofilms, microbiological volatile organic compounds (MVOC?s), volatile organic compounds (VOC?s), carbon dioxide, ozone, and radon. The HVAC systems covered are ventilation, direct expansion (DX), desiccant dehumidification, and system filters. The remediation techniques discussed are proper hygiene and maintenance, increased ventilation, humidity control, and proper selection of building materials.

Petroleum spills cost large sums of money to remediate, which has resulted in the use of more in-situ technologies, including chemical oxidation, as cost effective alternatives to traditional methods of remediation. There are numerous case studies documenting the success of hydrogen peroxide as an in-situ oxidizer in that regulated BTEX concentrations were lowered below target cleanup levels. Little information is available; however, regarding the behavior of petroleum hydrocarbons post injection of hydrogen peroxide or what chemical derivatives may be produced as a result of the oxidation process. Laboratory protocols have been employed to yield data regarding the behavior of BTEX specifically, and all volatile gasoline constituents in general, over a period of time post injection of hydrogen peroxide. The results of the data indicate variations in petroleum compound behavior are predicated on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the degree of contamination, and the presence of a soil matrix.

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