Orientador: Auteliano Antunes dos Santos Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T09:56:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fraga_RicardodosSantos_M.pdf: 5203547 bytes, checksum: b694c735f82895b84c9dd31aa8738fc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Na medição de tensões residuais com ultra-som, é necessário conhecer a profundidade de propagação da onda. Sem isso, é impossível definir onde a tensão está sendo medida. Neste trabalho, procurou-se uma relação entre características físicas de transdutores piezoelétricos (freqüência de vibração) e a profundidade de penetração de ondas longitudinais criticamente refratadas (ondas Lcr). Primeiramente buscou-se uma base teórica que sinalizasse alguma relação entre a freqüência destas ondas e a profundidade na qual as mesmas se propagam. Depois de definida a teoria, foi estabelecida um procedimento experimental para comprovação prática. Para isto, foi utilizado um tipo de material metálico (aço API 5L X70) no qual ondas longitudinais criticamente refratadas foram excitadas com três diferentes níveis de freqüência (2,25; 3,5 e 5 MHz). Depois das medições realizadas no material, rasgos com diferentes profundidades foram usinados nas amostras metálicas e novamente ondas Lcr foram excitadas nos três níveis de freqüência definidos anteriormente. Os resultados foram comparados e uma relação entre profundidade de penetração e freqüência do transdutor pôde ser obtida. Para qualquer das freqüências, a profundidade de propagação esteve entre 1 e 2 comprimentos de onda / Abstract: This investigation describes a model which permits evaluating the local properties during the process of wax formation. To achieve this objective it was necessary to know the local heat and mass transfer coefficient and hence solve the flow, heat and humidity fields. The solution is based upon converting the fields function in terms of the vorticity and stream function. Once the local heat and mass transfer coefficients are determined a two stage model for the wax formation was used to determine the growth rate of the wax layer. The results were then compared with existing numerical and experimental results and good agreement were found. Additional results were obtained to demonstrate the variation of wax density, temperature field and wax thickness. These results were analyzed and commented. The results obtained from this investigation are important in future studies in wax formation as well as in the energy optimization of the dewaxing process / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Méthodologie de mesures de contraintes avec la méthode multireflection pâturage d'incidence(MGIXD) a été étudié et développé. La géométrie du faisceau parallèle a été appliquée pour mensurationsde stress. Le faisceau incident dans diffractomètres classiques a été collimaté par le miroir Göbel et lesessais de configuration en parallèle ont été effectuées pour Al poudre. Les résultats confirmé que le erreurstatistique et l'erreur d'alignement peuvent être réduits lorsque le miroir Göbel est utilisé. Facteursphysiques ont été prises en compte dans la CSX (analyse aux rayons X du stress): Lorentz - polarisationet facteur d'absorption (LPA) et aussi correction de la réfraction (RC). Les résultats montrent quel'influence de LPA est mineur dans CSX, mais la RC peut influencer de manière significative l'analyse.Dans la thèse de la question de RC a été examiné et comparé avec les approches présentées dans lalittérature. Dans la thèse de deux développements théoriques de la méthode MGIXD ont été présentés: laprocédure de détermination de paramètre c/a et l'influence des défauts d'empilement sur les résultats. Il aété montré que les deux développements améliore de manière significative la qualité de l'analyse desdonnées expérimentales. Dans le présent travail le problème de la X -ray facteurs de stress (XSF) utiliséspour l'interprétation des résultats CSX a été étudiée. Différents modèles théoriques de grains élastoplastiqueinteraction ont été envisagées et appliquées dans la CSX. Vérification de la XSF durant l'essaide traction pour l'échantillon élastique anisotrope (en acier inoxydable austénitique) et pour l'échantillonisotrope (Ti - note2). Anisotropie de XSF a également été observée dans: rectifié alliage Ni, acierinoxydable austénitique poli et revêtement CrN. Les résultats montre que Reuss et modèle de la surfacelibre sont en meilleur accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. Enfin, la méthode MGIXD a été vérifiée enutilisant le rayonnement synchrotron et 3 longueurs d'onde différentes. La méthodologie a été développéepour traiter les données non seulement pour les différents angles d'incidence, mais aussi en utilisantdifférentes longueurs d'onde simultanément. Contraintes en fonction de «vraie profondeur» a été calculéeen utilisant la transformée de Laplace inverse. Analyse Wiliamson-Hall a été appliquée pour les données.Méthode MGIXD a été appliqué pour les mesures de diffraction de dispersion d'énergie dans lequel lefaisceau blanc a été utilisé: 0,3 à 0,18 Å. L' analyse des contraintes a été effectuée en utilisant troisméthodes différentes : la méthode de sin2ψ norme, la méthode de terrain universelle et en utilisantmultireflection analyse . Dans la gamme de profondeur de pénétration à 0-15 um de la convergence desrésultats obtenus à partir de différentes méthodes a été acquise . En outre, les données de synchrotronparfaitement en accord avec les résultats obtenus en laboratoire sur diffractomètre (rayonnement Cu Ka) àproximité de la surface . Pour profondeur supérieure à 14 um points expérimentaux présentent desvariations importantes et ne sont pas d'accord avec les résultats de la méthode standard.Mots clés : contraintes résiduelles, diffraction des rayons X, méthode de l’incidence rasante, miroir Göbel / Methodology of stress measurements with multireflection grazing incidence method (MGIXD)was investigated and developed. The parallel beam geometry was applied. The incident beam in classicaldiffractometers was collimated by Göbel mirror and the tests of parallel configuration were performed for Alpowder. Results confirmed that both statistical error and the misalignment error can be reduced when theGöbel mirror is used. Physical factors were taken into account in XSA (X-ray stress analysis): Lorentzpolarizationand absorption factor (LPA) and also refraction correction (RC). Results showed that theinfluence of LPA correction is minor in XSA but the RC can significantly influence analysis. In the thesisthe issue of RC was considered and compared with approaches presented in the literature. In the thesistwo theoretical developments of the MGIXD method were presented: the procedure of c/a parameterdetermination and the influence of stacking faults on the results was taken into account. It was shown thatboth developments significantly improves the quality of experimental data analysis. In the present work theproblem of X-ray stress factors (XSF) used for the interpretation of XSA results was studied. Differenttheoretical grain elasto-plastic interaction models were considered and applied in XSA. Verification of theXSF was during tensile test for austenitic stainless steel and for the isotropic sample. Anisotropy of XSFwas also observed in: ground Ni alloy, polished austenitic stainless steel and CrN coating. The resultsshows that Reuss and free surface grain interaction models are in the best agreement with theexperimental results. Finally the MGIXD method was verified using synchrotron radiation and 3 differentwavelengths. The methodology was developed to treat data not only for different incident angles but alsousing simultaneously different wavelengths. Stresses vs. z – ‘real depth’ was calculated using the inverseLaplace transform applied to polynomial function. Wiliamson-Hall analysis was applied for collected data.Next multireflection method was applied for the energy dispersion diffraction measurements in which whitebeam containing radiation having different wavelengths was used (λ (Ǻ): 0.3–0.18/ E (keV): 40-68). Thestress analysis was performed using three different methods: standard sin2ψ method, Universal plotmethod and by using multireflection analysis. In the range of penetration depth to 0-15 μm theconvergence of the results obtained from different methods was gained. Moreover the synchrotron dataperfectly agree with the results obtained on laboratory diffractometer (Cu Kα radiation) close to the surface.For depth larger than 14 μm the experimental points exhibit significant spread and do not agree with theresults of standard method

Presented master thesis deals with computational modelling (simulation) of welding process. Its main goal is to determine the residual stresses and deformations arising after welding. SYSWELD and ANSYS are used for simulation, both based on the finite element method. Specifically, the processes of welding fillet and butt welds are solved. Results from both software are compared with each other and verified by experimental results.

Since grinding is often the last process of a manufactured part, caution has to be taken in order to ensure the integrity of the surface. The role of grinding induced residual stresses can be important in fatigue or wear resistance. In most cases we cannot evaluate accurately and easily their distribution. On this purpose, many scientists are working on the modeling of grinding and its effects on a many points. The main aim of this work is to analyse of residual stresses influenced by grinding parameters.

In many instances the predominant factor contributing to structural failure in welded parts is the residual stress which exists before the part is put into service. In this investigation an attempt is made to study the changes in residual stresses caused by vibrational stress relief (VSR). VSR is a fairly new idea in stress relief and there is no substantial evidence of its success in reducing residual stresses. This thesis documents the residual stress distributions found in 5/16 inch thick, 22 inch diameter welded fabricated tubes after VSR.

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Compressive residual stresses induced by tensile overloads, compressive under loads, or by a cold-expansion process in specimens containing a circular hole and their influence on subsequent fatigue crack growth in aluminum alloys are studied. The finite element method is used to calculate residual stresses. The superposition method, which uses crack-tip stress intensity factors for cases involving remote loading and residual stresses, is used to calculate crack growth life for three kinds of tests from the literature: (1) fatigue of a circular hole specimen after an overload or under load, (2) single crack growing from a circular hole after a severe tensile overload, and (3) single crack growing from a circular hole after cold-working, reaming and notching. All specimens were subjected to subsequent constant amplitude loading. The superposition method worked fairly well for most cases, but tended to over predict fatigue life for small cracks and for cracks growing under residual stresses, which produce compressive (maximum and minimum) stress intensity factors.

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No description available.

No description available.