Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1940. / Typescript. Includes abstract and vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: leaves 323-337.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Bowling Green State University, 2006. / Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 214 p. Includes bibliographical references.

Dissertation (LL.M.)--University of Helsinki, April 2005. / Title from PDF title page (viewed May 18, 2006). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (D. Ed.)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

The right to legal representation has been acknowledged as a fundamental right of an accused in a criminal trial. 1 Traditionally, however, this, right has been viewed as a right to retain counsel, rather than a positive right to be provided with legal representation in the case of indigent accused. The importance of legal assistance for accused persons being tried in an adversarial justice system has been recognised in the Anglo-American legal systems. In an adversarial system the duty of a presiding officer is to act as an independent and objective adjudicator of the facts and evidence presented to him or her by the two parties to the trial. The onus is on the litigants to advance their own case. It naturally follows that the strength of a party's case depends on the skill of the litigator.

The Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the 'Optional Protocol' or the 'OP-ICESCR') has recently been adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations. This document establishes a new complaints procedure for economic, social and cultural rights ('ESCR') within the United Nations human rights system. Hence, those rights ' as it is already the case for civil and political rights (CPR) ' will become quasi-justiciable at international level. Once the Optional Protocol will enter into force, individuals and groups victims of violations of any right contained in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the 'Covenant' or the 'ICESCR') will have the possibility to submit communications to the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the 'Committee' or the 'CESCR'), as long as the state concerned is party to the OP-ICESCR.

Includes bibliographical references.

Includes abstract. / Includes bibliographical references. / A patriarchal reading of the Qur'ānic verse 4:34 implies the subordination of wives to their husband within their families. The fundamental duty of the husband to support his wife materially has led to the entrenched notion of male protection of women. In exchange for such protection, the wife has the reciprocal duty of obedience to her husband, which may lead to the restriction of her right to work, amongst other rights. In contemporary societies where women are increasingly participating in the maintenance of the family, different interpretations of the verse are now becoming more influential than the patriarchal view. Allowing women access to equal opportunities on the labour market and to receive equal remuneration will not only contribute to the overall improvement of society but could also lead to the effective implementation of gender equality as required by international legal standards and religious doctrines.

Includes bibliographical references.

This dissertation examines the plight of children in street situations in Tanzania. It also examines the obligations the State owes to children in street situations, what it has done to fulfil those obligations. It analyses the effectiveness and impact of the steps and actions undertaken to fulfil the obligations towards children in street situations.