Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1972. / Typescript. Vita. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-47).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1974. / Typescript. Vita. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1973. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1984. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 36-38).

Thesis--Wisconsin. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-72).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2004. / Supervisor: John Kappelman. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 2010. / Prepared for: Dept. of Public Policy & Administration. Title from resource description page. Includes bibliographical references. Unavailable until 5/17/2015.

This study argues that gender is a significant factor to consider in investigations of political opinions and presents evidence of the relevance of gender to support for various issues and in the social construction of opinion. Moreover, it argues that the patterning of women's and men's opinions, and differences in the sources of those opinions, point to a difference in political cultures: a women's political culture and a men's political culture. Using survey evidence gathered at the time of the 1988 Canadian federal election, the study follows three separate investigative paths in an attempt to uncover the existence of distinctive political cultures. The first path investigates gender gaps in opinions at the time of the election and links these findings to earlier work suggesting the existence of a women's agape ethos, their weaker hawkishness, and their weaker support of continentalism. It is shown that controls for women's lower average incomes, their lesser educational attainment, their greater support of feminism, and gender roles do not fully account for differences in women's and men's attitudes. Moreover, evidence is addressed of women's greater religious fundamentalism, which often works in such a fashion on attitudes as to attenuate gender gaps in opinions. The second path investigates the social structure of women's and men's opinions and finds that despite the similarity of opinion on a number of issues, divergence appears in the sources of opinion. The influence of economic self-interest, age cohort, region, social group memberships, religious fundamentalism and feminism are found to vary between women and men across a number of issues. The third and final path elaborates on opinion structure by the investigation of women's and men's belief systems, that is the connections between various opinions and the manner in which these connections are hierarchical. Although women's and men's belief systems are very similar, the positioning of feininist belief differs by gender. For women, regardless of their level of political sophistication, feminism is connected to the most basic ideological belief, economic liberalism. For men, however, ferninism is only connected with ideological belief among the politically sophisticated. The study links this evidence to the existence of a women's political culture and argues that it stems partially from each gender's socialization, but that it is a culture in transition. The weakening of religious belief generally is likely to result in larger gender gaps in opinion in the future. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

We compared the binding of [3H]-dexamethasone in cytosols prepared from atria and ventricles. The effects of steroid treatment and adrenalectomy on receptor concentration were measured in both male and female rats. In male rats the distribution of receptors was similar in atria and ventricles. In contrast, the atria of female rats in all treatment groups had twice the number of receptors as did the ventricles. Adrenalectomy in females resulted in receptor up-regulation, but dexamethasone treatment, which was effective in reducing binding in males and in the ventricles of females, failed to alter atrial binding in females. These results suggest that the atria of female rats may be more responsive than ventricles to the effects of circulating glucocorticoids.

Background and Objectives: Opioid addiction is a major contributor to the global burden of disease and carries a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Individuals with opioid addiction are subject to numerous adverse consequences including infectious diseases, medical complications, psychiatric disorders, and social disintegration. Women especially experience a heightened vulnerability to the adverse medical and social consequences of opioid addiction as a result of biological sex characteristics and socially-defined gender roles, which increases their risk for poor treatment outcomes. The general objective of this thesis if to investigate sex and gender differences in the management and treatment of opioid addiction with a focus on hormonal influences, genetic variation, and sociobehavioral characteristics including substance use behavior, health status, and social functioning. Methods: Using various methodologies, we compared the biological and social characteristics of men and women with opioid addiction in the context of methadone treatment. We assessed sex and gender differences in methadone treatment outcomes using a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis, which was developed based on published protocol. Next, we used data from the multi-centre GENOA cross-sectional study including 250 patients with opioid addiction recruited from Ontario methadone clinics to measure testosterone levels among men and women compared to non-opioid using controls; total serum testosterone was assayed using ELISA and RIA techniques. Following this study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to test the effect of opioid use on testosterone levels, performing subgroup analyses by sex and type of opioid used. Using the previous GENOA sample, we then completed genotype analysis on variants of BDNF and DRD2 genes to test the genetic effect on continued opioid use, measured through urine drug screening. Finally, we recruited an additional 503 participants meeting criteria for opioid use disorder who were receiving treatment with methadone, from which we obtained information on drug use patterns and addiction severity using the Maudsley Addiction Profile (MAP) tool to evaluate sex and gender differences. Results: In our initial systematic review, we found 20 studies collectively showing that women were less likely than men to report alcohol use, employment, or legal involvement, but were more likely to misuse amphetamines. Using the GENOA dataset of methadone patients, we found a significant reduction in testosterone level among men but not women, which was associated with methadone dose. We also determined that testosterone did not fluctuate significantly between menstrual cycle phases. In line with these findings, our systematic review showed a significant suppression in mean testosterone level among men that use opioids compared to controls, but not in women. Our results also showed that methadone did not affect testosterone differently than other opioids. Among GENOA participants, BDNF rs6265 and DRD2 rs1799978 genetic variants were not significantly associated with continued opioid use while in methadone maintenance treatment. Our final study identified sex and gender differences in substance use, health status, and social functioning. Women were younger, had children, were current smokers, had higher rates of benzodiazepine use, more frequent physical and psychological health problems, family history of psychiatric disorders, more partner conflict, and began regular use of opioids through a physician prescription. In comparison, men were more likely to be employed and to report cannabis and amphetamine use. Conclusions: This thesis has demonstrated that men and women are differentially affected by opioid addiction and experience sex- and gender-specific challenges throughout the course of methadone treatment that are likely to impact treatment outcomes. The identification of clinically-relevant sex and gender differences is important to our understanding of the addiction profile, and can therefore be used to promote strategies for effective treatment and management of opioid addiction among men and women incorporating both biological and social perspectives. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)