Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:25:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SandraCogo.pdf: 2373636 bytes, checksum: d172850e1c9a8f32913efad65b0c7579 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-27 / In Brazil there are three major sedimentary basins and one of them is a sedimentary basin of Parana, which covers several states. Based on environmental concerns and reuse of waste accumulated there, spectroscopic techniques can be used to better characterize the byproducts of ore tailings and oil shale exploited, extracted this basin, in the portion of Irati formation, a mining of Petrobras, the Petrosix, installed since 1970, which transforms the organic matter contained in the ore in oil, gas and water. Samples of calschist (CS) shale fine (SF) and retorted shale (RS) were collected in different stages of the process there developed (from the mining to pyrolysis) and after macerated and broken down into sieve of 1mm to are calcined at different temperatures (200, 400 and 700 C) and washed in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to study the organic radical. Using Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) were observed signs of Fe3+, Mn2+, as well as the organic radical in g = 2,003. A sign in g = 2,000 ± 3 was observed in samples of CS and SF, both in the samples calcined and in not calcined. When done the washing with H2O2 in the samples, this signal appears both in samples of CS and SF as well as the sample of the RS. This signal can be attributed to a defect in the structure of the quartz. / No Brasil existem três grandes bacias sedimentares e uma delas é a bacia sedimentar do Paraná, a qual abrange vários estados brasileiros. Com base em preocupações ambientais e de reaproveitamento dos resíduos ali acumulados, técnicas espectroscópicas podem ser usadas, para uma melhor caracterização desses subprodutos e rejeitos do minério Xisto (folhelho pirobetuminoso) da porção da Formação Irati, explorado e extraído pela mineradora da Petrobrás, a Petrosix, instalada desde 1970, que transforma a matéria orgânica contida nesse minério em óleo, gás e água. As amostras de Cal Xisto (CX), Fino do Xisto (FX) e Xisto Retortado (XR) foram recolhidas, em fases diferentes do processo lá desenvolvido (desde a mineração a pirólise) e logo após maceradas e desagregadas em peneira de 1 mm, foram calcinadas em temperaturas diferentes (200, 400 e 700C) e lavadas em peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) para estudo do radical orgânico. Utilizando a Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE) foram observados os sinais de Fe3+e Mn2+ , assim como do radical orgânico em g=2,003. Um sinal em g=2,000±3 foi observado nas amostras de CX e FX, tanto nas amostras calcinadas como nas não calcinadas. Quando realizada a lavagem com H2O2 nas amostras, este sinal aparece tanto nas amostras de CX e FX como também na amostra do XR. Este sinal pode ser atribuído a um defeito na estrutura do quartzo.

No description available.

Hydraulic fracturing has become increasingly popular in the United States during the last ten years. It is a process that is used for the majority of new oil and gas wells, and is used to access the abundance of natural gas in the US. The largest shale bed is the Marcellus Shale which spans the area underneath many states in the Northeast, primarily New York and Pennsylvania. Policy and science have failed to keep up with the boom in fracking that has occurred across the US, which has led the process to be regulated at varying levels of stringency and a lack of understanding of the potential risks associated with fracking. New York decided that the potential adverse effects of fracking outweighed the economic benefits of job creation and increased tax revenue. New York was the 2nd state in the US that banned fracking, and the decision can be attributed to the unique environmental and political factors present. There were six major environmental reasons that New York decided to ban fracking: decreased respiratory health, drinking water contamination, soil contamination, seismic activity, climate change, and boomtown economic effects. Drinking water contamination is especially important in New York because New York’s reservoirs provide water for over 17 million people. These six environmental factors are not unique to New York, but their impact would be more widely felt than in many other states where fracking occurs. The political factors in New York are also critical to understand. New York is a blue state that is being governed by Governor Cuomo who after his re-election desperately needed to re-align with the left wing of New York’s democratic party. The analysis completed in this paper demonstrates that New York is unique in many ways and the decision to ban hydraulic fracturing there may not be easily replicable in other states.

This thesis investigates the relationship between elastic properties and rock properties of the Haynesville Shale using rock physics modeling, simultaneous seismic inversion, and grid searching. A workflow is developed in which a rock physics model is built and calibrated to well data in the Haynesville Shale and then applied to 3D seismic inversion data to predict porosity and mineralogy away from the borehole locations. The rock physics model describes the relationship between porosity, mineral composition, pore shape, and elastic stiffness using the anisotropic differential effective medium model. The calibrated rock physics model is used to generate a modeling space representing a range of mineral compositions and porosities with a calibrated mean pore shape. The model space is grid searched using objective functions to select a range of models that describe the inverted P-impedance, S-impedance, and density volumes. The selected models provide a range of possible rock properties (porosity and mineral composition) and an estimate of uncertainty. The mineral properties were mapped in three dimensions within the area of interest using this modeling technique and inversion workflow. This map of mineral content and porosity can be interpreted to predict the best areas for hydraulic fracturing. / text

No description available.

No description available.

O presente trabalho consistiu na realização de um estudo geológico na porção norte da Bacia intracratônica do Paraná. O estudo buscou avaliar o potencial gerador e de exploração de shale gas e shale oil dos folhelhos negros da Formação Irati na região de Goiás e Mato Grosso, Centro-Oeste do Brasil, através da caracterização de geoquímica orgânica dos folhelhos, determinação do potencial gerador e grau de maturação da matéria orgânica dos folhelhos, caracterização das relações geológicas da formação, espessuras, áreas de ocorrência, alternância de camadas com carbonatos, profundidade de ocorrência, padrões de fraturamento, composição mineralógica e estimativa de reservas de shale gas tecnicamente recuperáveis. O trabalho contribui com uma metodologia que permite avaliar o potencial de geração e exploração de recursos de shale gas e shale oil. O estudo na temática de recursos energéticos não convencionais, com destaque para o shale gas, principal fonte de gás natural não convencional explorada no mundo, é de extrema importância, pois o gás natural é considerado um combustível de transição de uma matriz energética baseada em energias fósseis para uma matriz com predominância de energias renováveis, considerando-se os seus benefícios, tanto ambientais quanto em aspectos estratégicos e econômicos. Os valores de COT variam de 0,04 a 3,52% com média de 1,31%, o que lhes confere um bom potencial gerador de hidrocarbonetos na área de estudo. Foram encontrados valores no pico S2 que variam de 5,13 a 63,13 mg HC/g de rocha para a maioria das amostras estudadas pela pirólise Rock-Eval, conferindo-lhes um bom a excelente potencial petrolífero. Os folhelhos apresentam querogênio do tipo I, II e IV, com predomínio do querogênio do tipo II e IV. Estudos de maturidade térmica da matéria orgânica (querogênio) com base nos valores de Tmax, IH, IP e Ro, indicam seu grau como imaturo (com baixo nível de conversão em hidrocarbonetos) a supermaturo (zona de gás seco). Amostras que alcançaram a janela de geração de gás seco não possuem potencial para geração de hidrocarbonetos, uma vez que apresentam querogênio do tipo IV, que evidencia baixo poder de preservação da matéria orgânica durante o intenso magmatismo ocorrido no Mesozóico (Jurássico/Cretáceo). A maioria das amostras analisadas apresentam bom potencial para shale gas e/ou shale oil, porém as condições de temperatura e pressão durante a diagênese não foram suficientes para a maturação da matéria orgânica nos folhelhos. Os folhelhos possuem altos teores de quartzo e quantidades significativas de outros minerais tais como, o feldspato plagioclásio (albita), mica e carbonatos (calcita e dolomita), podendo responder favoravelmente à fraturamento hidráulico. A estimativa de reservas indica que a área de estudo poderia ter um potencial para cerca de 23 Trilhões de Pés Cúbicos de reservas de gás natural não comprovadas tecnicamente recuperáveis. / The present work consisted in the accomplishment of a geological study in the northern portion of the Intracratonic Basin of Paraná. The study aimed to evaluate the potential for shale gas and shale oil exploitation of the Irati Formation black shales in the region of Goiás and Mato Grosso, Mid-West of Brazil, through the characterization of organic geochemistry of shales, determination of the generating potential and degree of maturation of the organic matter of the shales, characterization of the geological relations of the formation, thicknesses, areas of occurrence, alternation of layers with carbonates, depth of occurrence, fracturing patterns, mineralogical composition and estimation of technically recoverable shale gas reserves. The work contributes with a methodology that allows to evaluate the potential of generation and exploitation of shale gas and shale oil resources. The study on the subject of unconventional energy resources, especially shale gas, the main source of unconventional natural gas explored in the world, is extremely important because natural gas is considered a transition fuel of a energy matrix based on energies fossils for a matrix with predominance of renewable energies, considering its benefits, both environmental and strategic and economic aspects. The TOC values vary from 0.04 to 3.52% with an average of 1.31%, which gives them a good hydrocarbon potential in the study area. S2 peak values ranging from 5.13 to 63.13 mg HC / g of rock were found for most of the samples studied by Rock-Eval pyrolysis, giving them a good excellent oil potential.The shales present type I, II and IV kerogen, with predominance of type II and IV kerogen. Thermal maturity studies of organic matter (kerogen) based on the values of Tmax, HI, PI and Ro, indicate their degree as immature (with low conversion level in hydrocarbons) to supermature (dry gas zone). Samples that reached the window of dry gas generation do not have potential for hydrocarbon generation, since they present type IV kerogen, which evidences low preservation power of organic matter during the intense magmatism occurring in the Mesozoic (Jurassic / Cretaceous). Most of the analyzed samples present good potential for shale gas and / or shale oil, but the conditions of temperature and pressure during diagenesis were not sufficient for the maturation of the organic matter in the shales. The shales have high quartz contents and significant amounts of other minerals such as plagioclase feldspar (albite), mica and carbonates (calcite and dolomite), and can respond favorably to hydraulic fracturing. The reserve estimate indicates that the study area could have a potential for about 23 trillion cubic feet of unproved technically recoverable natural gas reserves.

The purpose of this paper is to project the demand for housing due to oil shale development in Uintah County, Utah. An overview of the present housing conditions is presented to give a better understanding of the housing situation as it exists at the present time. The demand for housing due to oil shale development is based upon a set of assumptions which was derived from data collected by the author and from a review of the literature. The demand for all housing units due to oil shale is estimated by subtracting the working wives of the employees from local service employment. The demand by type of structure (single, wife-family, multiple-family, and mobile homes) is estimated by making some assumptions about the types of housing each employment group (construction, operation, and lo cal service) will demand.

The current state of shale gas reservoir dynamics demands understanding long-term production, and existing models that address important parameters like fracture half-length, permeability, and stimulated shale volume assume constant permeability. Petroleum geologists suggest that observed steep declining rates may involve pressure-dependent permeability (PDP). This study accounts for PDP in three potential shale media: the shale matrix, the existing natural fractures, and the created hydraulic fractures. Sensitivity studies comparing expected long-term rate and pressure production behavior with and without PDP show that these two are distinct when presented as a sequence of coupled build-up rate-normalized pressure (BU-RNP) and its logarithmic derivative, making PDP a recognizable trend. Pressure and rate field data demonstrate evidence of PDP only in Horn River and Haynesville but not in Fayetteville shale. While the presence of PDP did not seem to impact the long term recovery forecast, it is possible to determine whether the observed behavior relates to change in hydraulic fracture conductivity or to change in fracture network permeability. As well, it provides insight on whether apparent fracture networks relate to an existing natural fracture network in the shale or to a fracture network induced during hydraulic fracturing.

Successful development of shale gas reservoirs is highly dependent on hydraulic fracture treatments. Many questions remain in regards to the geometry of the created fractures. Production data analysis from some shale gas wells quantifies a much smaller stimulated pore volume than what would be expected from microseismic evidence and reports of fracturing fluids reaching distant wells. In addition, claims that hydraulic fracturing may open or reopen a network of natural fractures is of particular interest. This study examines hydraulic fracturing of shale gas formations with specific interest in fracture geometry. Several field cases are analyzed using microseismic analysis as well as net pressure analysis of the fracture treatment. Fracture half lengths implied by microseismic events for some of the stages are several thousand feet in length. The resulting dimensions from microseismic analysis are used for calibration of the treatment model. The fracture profile showing created and propped fracture geometry illustrates that it is not possible to reach the full fracture geometry implied by microseismic given the finite amount of fluid and proppant that was pumped. The model does show however that the created geometry appears to be much larger than half the well spacing. From a productivity standpoint, the fracture will not drain a volume more than that contained in half of the well spacing. This suggests that for the case of closely spaced wells, the treatment size should be reduced to a maximum of half the well spacing. This study will provide a framework for understanding hydraulic fracture treatments in shale formations. In addition, the results from this study can be used to optimize hydraulic fracture treatment design. Excessively large treatments may represent a less than optimal approach for developing these resources.