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Este estudo avaliou propriedades de fratura e seus parâmetros de superfície em composições de pasta de cimento de mesma porosidade capilar, variando o teor de filler calcário como substituinte ao cimento comercial. Ainda, para avaliação do efeito em composições de argamassa, foi avaliada a capacidade de redução de água que essa adição pode proporcionar e seu efeito na resistência mecânica. A avaliação dos parâmetros de fratura ocorreu por ensaio de flexão por carregamento em três pontos, com controle por taxa de deslocamento e as análises de superfície por ensaio de interferometria, em seções de fratura e entalhe. O aumento do teor de filler calcário proporcionou redução da demanda de água nas argamassas, para mesmo comportamento. A redução da demanda foi ainda maior para as composições dispersas com aditivo, em relação à referência com aditivo. As resistências à compressão das argamassas apresentaram boa correlação em relação ao ajuste com todas as composições, enquanto foi observado que argamassas de médio teor de filler podem apresentar mesma resistência à flexão que as argamassas de referência, mesmo que estas apresentem menor porosidade capilar. As pastas ensaiadas à flexão por carregamento três pontos não apresentaram comportamento quase-frágil, impedindo o cálculo da energia de fraturamento. Isto ocorreu devido ao método de ensaio adotado, com configuração inadequada, e que pode ser ajustada através da redução da taxa de deslocamento do ensaio, da geometria dos corpos de prova ou da geometria dos entalhes produzidos. Todas as composições apresentaram insensibilidade à profundidade de entalhe sob as condições de ensaio adotadas, possivelmente devido às falhas de configuração do método. As médias de resistência à flexão e do fator de intensidade de tensão crítico foram maiores para a composição de alto teor de filler, seguidos da referência e da composição de médio teor de filler, respectivamente. Em todas as análises e tipos de superfície estudadas, as composições de alto teor de filler apresentaram maior índice de rugosidade e amplitude entre picos e vales, enquanto não foi identificada diferença entre a referência e a composição de médio teor de filler. Estes dois parâmetros e a raiz quadrática da rugosidade indicaram que a rugosidade das superfícies fraturadas é maior que em superfícies cortadas com disco diamantado. / This study assesses fracture properties and their surface parameters in cement paste compositions of the same capillary porosity, varying the filler content of limestone as a substitute for commercial cement. Also, to evaluate the effect in mortar compositions, the water reduction capacity that this addition can provide and its effect on the mechanical resistance was evaluated. The evaluation of the fracture parameters was performed by three-point loading flexion test with displacement rate control and surface analysis by interferometry test in fracture and notch sections. The increase of limestone filler provided a reduction of the water demand in the mortars, in relation to the reference, for spreading of 265mm in table of consistency. The water demand reduction was even greater for compositions dispersed with admixture, relative to the reference with admixture. The compressive strength of the mortars presented a good correlation in the fit with all the compositions, while it was observed that mortars of medium filler content may have the same flexural strength as the reference mortars, even if they have lower capillary porosity. The pastes tested by three-point loading did not exhibit quasi-fragile behavior, preventing the calculation of fracturing energy. This was due to the inadequately configured test method adopted, which can be adjusted by reducing the test displacement rate, the geometry of the specimens or the geometry of the notches produced. All compositions presented insensitivity to the notch depth under the test conditions adopted, possibly due to method configuration failures. The averages of flexural strength and critical stress intensity factor were higher for the high filler composition, followed by the reference and medium filler composition, respectively. In all analyzes and surface types studied, high filler compositions presented higher roughness and amplitude index between peaks and valleys, while no difference between the reference and medium filler composition was identified. These two parameters and the quadratic root roughness indicated that the roughness of the fractured surfaces is greater than on surfaces cut with diamond disc.

In this study the plane linear elastic problem of a functionally graded layer which contains periodic cracks is considered. The main objective of this study is to determine the thermal stress intensity factors for edge cracks. In order to find an analytic solution, Young&rsquo / s modulus and thermal conductivity are assumed to be varying exponentially across the thickness, whereas Poisson ratio and thermal diffusivity are taken as constant. First, one dimensional transient and steady state conduction problems are solved (heat flux being across the thickness) to determine the temperature distribution and the thermal stresses in a crack free layer. Then, the thermal stress distributions at the locations of the cracks are applied as crack surface tractions in the elasticity problem to find the stress intensity factors. By defining an appropriate auxiliary variable, elasticity problem is reduced to a singular integral equation, which is solved numerically. The influence of such parameters as the grading, crack length and crack period on the stress intensity factors is investigated.

Semi-circular specimens (SCB) under three point-bending which are commonly used for fracture testing of rocks were used here for fracture mechanics tests. A total of 65 specimens were tested by using Ankara andesite rock. Investigations including the effects of initial notch thickness, different loading span ratios (S/R), flattened loading end, and little dimensional variations when preparing the specimens were carried out. Stress intensity factors for specimens with different geometries were computed individually by using a 3D finite element program ABAQUS. Specimens with a preliminary notch thickness varying from 0.84 to 3.66 mm were tested under three point bending. For a second group of specimens loading span was changed and fracture toughness variation was studied. Another change in the specimen geometry was made by machining a flat loading end at the upper load application point. Fracture toughness values were computed using the stress intensity values computed from numerical modeling and failure loads from the experiments. It was found that up to 2 mm fracture toughness was not affected by variations in the thickness of preliminary notches. Fracture toughness was not affected by changing the loading span. For specimens with flat loading ends, fracture toughness was about 16% lower than the value found from regular SCB type specimens loaded at a point at the top by a steel roller. As a result of about 46 experiments average fracture toughness of Ankara G&ouml / lbasi andesite was found as 1.36 MPa .

Modified Ring specimens are of the shape of discs having a hole inside and flattened ends. These specimens are used for determination of Mode I fracture toughness. Finite element program, named ABAQUS, is used for numerical modeling for finding stress intensity factors. Varying disc geometries were used for the experiments and numerical modeling in which size of the flat ends, radius of the hole inside, and external radius of the specimen were varied. Experiments were done by using pink Ankara andesite. Effects of internal hole radius, external disc radius and size of the flat ends on both stress intensity factor and fracture toughness were studied. In order to compare the results, fracture tests with semi-circular specimens under three point bending (SCB) were also performed. From a similar previous study, fracture toughness values of gray andesite were recalculated and compared to the fracture toughness values of pink andesite for varying geometrical factors. Size effect studies were performed as well for varying diameter of core specimens.Fracture toughness values of andesite were found to increase with increasing specimen size. Fracture toughness of 100 mm specimens was determined as 1.11&plusmn / 0.07 MPa&amp / #8730 / m, whereas fracture toughness of 75 mm specimens was 0.96&plusmn / 0.08 MPa&amp / #8730 / m. 100 mm or larger diameter specimens were suggested for the fracture toughness determination with the modified ring tests.

The objective of this study is to model and analyze a three dimensional single riveted lap joint (with and without a crack). By using finite element method, stress and fracture analyses are carried out under both the residual stress field and external tensile loading. Using a two step simulation, riveting process and subsequent tensile loading of the lap joint are simulated to determine the residual and overall stress state. Residual stress state due to riveting is obtained by interference and clamping misfit method. By employing different interference and clamping misfit values, the effects of riveting process parameters on stress state are examined. Two cracks namely the semi elliptical surface crack at faying surfaces of plates and the quarter elliptical corner crack at rivet hole are the most widely observed crack types in riveted joints. Fracture analysis of cracked riveted joints is carried out by introducing these two crack types to the outer plate at a plane perpendicular to the loading. The mixed mode stress intensity factors (SIFs) and energy release rates (G) around the crack front are obtained by using displacement correlation technique (DCT). Effects riveting process parameters (interference and clamping ratios) and geometrical parameters (crack shape and size) on fracture parameters are studied. The stress intensity factor solutions presented herein could be useful for correlating fatigue crack growth rates, fracture toughness computation, and multiple site damage (MSD) analysis in aircraft bodies.

Fracture toughness is an important rock property for rock fracturing and fragmentation applications. Theory and practice of opening mode (mode I) and shearing mode (mode II) fracture toughness tests are still in a developing stage for the cylindrical rock cores. A new circular plate type test specimen is used for mode II fracture toughness testing on rock cores. This involves a straight edge notched circular plate type core disc geometry under three-point bending load / new method and its associated specimen geometry is referred as straight edge notched disc bend (SNDB) specimen under three-point bending. Mode II fracture toughness results of the tests with this new geometry were compared to the results of the tests commonly employed for mode II fracture toughness testing. Specimen geometries were modeled and mode II stress intensity factors were computed by finite element modeling using ABAQUS program. For comparison purposes, mode II or shearing mode fracture toughness KIIc of two different rock types were determined by different testing methods commonly employed in recent practice. Core specimens of Ankara andesite and Afyon marble rock types were tested with cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc and cracked straight through Brazilian disc specimens under Brazilian type loading, semi-circular bend specimen and straight edge notched disc bending specimen geometries under three-point bending.For all testing groups, cylindrical cores with diameters varying from 7.5 cm to 12.5 cm were prepared with notch lengths changing from 1.5 cm to 2.6 cm. Effect of specimen thickness on mode II fracture toughness was investigated for three different testing methods. Fracture toughness values remained constant when thickness of the specimens was increased for cracked straight through Brazilian disc, semi-circular bend and straight notched disc bend methods. For cracked straight through Brazilian disc method KIIc values of Ankara andesite and Afyon marble were 0.99 MPa&radic / m and 0.86 MPa&radic / m, respectively. Mode II fracture toughness with semi-circular bend specimen was 0.43 MPa&radic / m for andesite and 0.46 MPa&radic / m for marble. When the results of the two three-point bending type tests were compared straight notched disc under three-point bending resulted in higher KIIc values (0.61 MPa&radic / m for andesite and 0.62 MPa&radic / m for marble) than the results found by semi-circular bend tests.

This study considers the elastostatic contact problem of a semi-infinite cylinder. The cylinder is compressed against a layer lying on a rigid foundation. There is a sharp-edged circular hole in the middle of the foundation. It is assumed that all the contacting surfaces are frictionless and only compressive normal tractions can be transmitted through the interfaces. The contact along interfaces of the elastic layer and the rigid foundation forms a circular area of which outer diameter is unknown. The problem is converted into the singular integral equations of the second kind by means of Hankel and Fourier integral transform techniques. The singular integral equations are then reduced to a system of linear algebraic equations by using Gauss-Lobatto and Gauss-Jacobi integration formulas. This system is then solved numerically. In this study, firstly, the extent of the contact area between the layer and foundation are evaluated. Secondly, contact pressure between the cylinder and layer and contact pressure between the layer and foundation are calculated for various material pairs. Finally, stress intensity factor on the edge of the cylinder and in the end of the sharp-edged hole are calculated.

This thesis presents a study about the determination of the stress intensity factors in cracked sheets with riveted stiffeners. Stress intensity factors are determined with both analytical method and finite element method for different combination of rivet/stringer spacing and stringer to sheet stiffness ratio. Analytical part of the thesis is a replication of the original study of Poe which assumes rigid rivet connections with no stringer offset. In the analytical part, the whole systems of equations of Poe are re-derived, and it is shown that there are two typographical errors in the expressions for the calculation of the influence coefficients of the cracked sheet and the stringer. Major objective of the analytical part is to develop a computer code which calculates the variation of the normalized stress intensity factor with the crack length for any combination of rivet/stringer spacing and stringer to sheet stiffness ratio. Analytical part of the study also covers the effect of broken stiffener on the stress intensity factor of the cracked sheet. The stress intensity factors of stiffened cracked sheets are calculated by the finite element method by incorporating fastener flexibility and stringer offset. Finite element solutions are performed by Franc2D/L and Abaqus, and comparisons are made. The effect of geometry, fastener flexibility, and stringer offset on the stress intensity factors are studied by presenting normalized stress intensity factor versus crack length curves. Finally, as a case study a sample damage tolerant stiffened panel is designed according to FAR 25 safety criteria. Experiments are performed for determining mechanical and crack growth properties of Al 2124 which is used as the material in the case study. Present study showed that the most significant effect on the stress intensity factor is seen when stringer-cracked sheet offset is included in the analysis model.