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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Australia, 2000.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University. / Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Joseph Higgins. Dissertation Committee: Bernard Gutin. Bibliography: leaves 161-163.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1962. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-137)

Thesis (M.A.)--San Francisco State University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 30-35). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.A.)--San Francisco State University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 30-35).

The study was an investigation of the personality characteristics of a group of champion swimmers. Thirty-five subjects were divided into two groups, "selected" and "non-selected" champion swimmers. Selection refers to the team named to represent Canada at the VIIth British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth, Australia, 1962. Two problems were examined. First, whether or not the champion swimmers employed in this study differed, as a group, from the mean group score of the average general population in any of the sixteen personality factors measured by the test instrument. Second, whether or not there was a difference between the selected and non-selected champion swimmers in the personality areas measured by the test instrument. The writer administered the Cattell "Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire" to each of the subjects under standard conditions. This test involved the answering of 374 questions by each subject of the particular test form used by the writer. The subjects did the test only once. The results indicated that the subjects, as a group showed differences from the average population in fifteen of the sixteen factor areas. Only in one factor was the difference between the populations not significant. There appeared to be no significant differences in personality between the groups of selected and non-selected champion swimmers. Individual descriptions of the personalities of members of the selected swimmers group were shown using graphic profiles. The results agree with earlier studies which showed that champion athletes apparently possess marked extremes in personality factor scores. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

It was believed that a study of athletes under the stress of competition would present a somewhat different challenge than would the same tests held under laboratory conditions. The belief was that actual competition would produce a far greater emotional and physiological stress than could be produced in an artificial setting. For this reason then, nineteen highly trained and healthy, teen-age swimmers of championship calibre were selected for study before and after sprint swimming competition. One swimmer was studied a second time, two years after the first testing, making a total of twenty sets of observations. The subjects were studied before the exercise to determine their resting blood pressures and pulse rates and to record their resting electrocardiograms. The swimming races were, for the most part, held in regularly scheduled meets and were distances of one-hundred and ten yards. Four observations were made following official time trials of similar swimming-events. The study was to-be concerned with the changes and recovery of the electrocardiograms, pulse rates and blood pressures following the races. In reviewing the literature, no similar study could be found that employed the use of serial electrocardiograms that would present a view of the recovery of the heart during a selected time interval immediately following actual competition. Therefore, this study concerned itself with a thirty minute recovery period beginning three minutes after the race. Each subject, then, had electrocardiograms taken at: three, six, nine, twelve, fifteen, twenty, twenty-five and thirty minute intervals following the "all-out" sprint. Blood pressure readings were also taken at regular intervals and the pulse rate was automatically recorded by the electrocardiograph. The results of these measurements indicated individual variations in blood pressure and pulse rate. However, general trends were observed in the measurements of the P-R interval, the ST segment and the T wave. The P-R interval, in twelve of the twenty cases, was prolonged. ST depression was seen in eight cases. The T wave was lowered considerably in all of the cases, with T inversion in nine of the athletes. Eighteen of the twenty observations showed one or all of the following major variations: PR prolongation, T inversion, ST depression. These three changes of the electrocardiogram, if: of sufficient degree, are taken as evidence of cardiac disease according to medical tests. Several studies of athletes observed after exercise have also pointed out that PR prolongation, T wave inversion and ST depression are to be taken as pathological variations. In the present study, these variations were not present in the resting recordings of any of the subjects. These variations did appear, however, at different times throughout the thirty minute recovery period. The deflections of concern, for the most part, had returned to normal by the end of the test. This evidence might then suggest that such variation, in healthy, young athletes, appearing after strenuous competition, would be indicative of functional adjustment of the myocardium to this situation of physical and emotional stress. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Over the last three decades or more, there has been a considerable interest in the socio-historical analysis of sport. While a number of historians have examined the development of the major team games and commercial sports in the context of the changing nature of Victorian and Edwardian society, very few have considered the development of individual and more recreational sports, or located the transformation of sport to the process of urbanization. This thesis examines the relationship between growing urbanization and the transformation of swimming from a recreative activity, into an urban recreation and 'modern' competitive sport. Swimming as a recreation and as a competitive sport, developed as a reaction to and consequence of, both the positive and negative features of urbanization. The hypotheses that the greater the urbanization, the more developed and 'modern' sport became, will be supported with evidence from the sport of swimming.