Reach defined analysis concentrated on the water temperature change that occurred in a stream/river segment over the course of one full diurnal cycle. Digital thermistors, data loggers and computer model development were utilized in reach analysis to link parameters of the stream system to a specific temperature change. The methodology employed was relatively simple and fast, and many successive stream segments were analyzed simultaneously. Reach analysis of stream temperature change identified the existing components of the stream system that caused increased water temperature and predicted the effectiveness of managed improvements to the stream system. Stream and river temperature regulation has focused on system and basin wide management. Often, the source of increased water temperature originates in only a part of the stream system. Reach defined analysis identified the portions of the stream system in which most water temperature change occurred, offered an explanation for the temperature response and provided specific information about the alternate strategies that may ameliorate undesired water temperatures. The development of the computer model Heat Source included physically based mathematical descriptions of stream energy and hydrologic processes. An implicit finite difference numerical method was implemented for simultaneous solution. The methodology presented in Heat Source is portable and applicable to all streams, rivers and open channels. / Graduation date: 1997

Graduation date: 1979

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-70). / ix, 70 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Integrated gasification combined cycle is an advanced electricity generation technology, based on coal gasification. Wider deployment requires further research into the components of the process, including coal gasification. The coal gasification reactions are the slowest step in the gasifier and therefore determine size and operating conditions. Understanding the rate of the gasification reactions at high temperatures is crucial for accurate design and optimisation of the gasification process. While the rates have been measured at low temperature, limited data exist at the high temperatures and pressures relevant to entrained flow gasifiers. As the reactions are solid gas reactions, at high temperature they depend on both reaction rate and gas diffusion rate, which complicates the extrapolation of low temperature data. High temperature data measured thus far is only applicable to certain coals, as the gasification rates were not related to char properties. The aim of this thesis was to measure the high temperature gasification rates of three coal char samples and interpret the results in terms of the char morphology and intrinsic reactivity. The results showed that the gasification rate depended on both intrinsic reaction rate and diffusion rate under the experimental conditions. The majority of the char particles were very swollen, with high porosity and thin walls, whereas the conventional analysis approach assumes porous spherical particles. The effectiveness factor approach was modified to incorporate flat-plate geometry, and used to extract the intrinsic reaction rate from the gasification rate data, which showed that the intrinsic reaction rate could be extrapolated to higher temperatures. The application of the effectiveness factor for estimating the gasification rate was demonstrated, and the modified approach was found to give a better estimation of char gasification rate at high temperature. Accurate measurement of char wall thickness and porosity was identified for potential improvement of the approach. Char conversion in a pilot-scale entrained flow gasifier was then explained in terms of char reaction rate, char morphology and reaction temperature, which showed the need for the development of more accurate models of char conversion in gasifiers, to which the work in this thesis can be applied.

Physiological responses of the labrid fish Notolabrus celidotus to temperature change, found thermal compensation to be more advanced in cold environmental temperatures compared to warm environmental temperatures. N. celidotus was acclimated for 28 days to 8, 14 and 24ºC and metabolism, ventilatory and circulatory function, condition factor, swimming ability, thermal tolerance and hypoxia tolerance investigated. N. celidotus acclimated to 8ºC almost achieved full thermal compensation, which resulted in, resting and maximum oxygen consumption not being significantly different to 14ºC acclimated fish. In contrast, N. celidotus acclimated to 24ºC achieved only partial or no metabolic thermal compensation. This resulted in high resting oxygen consumption and a reduced aerobic scope for activity, which had detrimental affects on other physiological parameters investigated. Thermal compensation was achieved for the resting ventilation rate of the 8ºC acclimated fish, which is most likely needed in order to meet the high oxygen demands incurred by metabolic thermal compensation. No thermal compensation was achieved for any other ventilation rate or for heart rate, at any acclimation temperature. Thermal compensation at the level of heart and ventilation rate of the 24ºC acclimated fish, would have been limited by the lack of metabolic thermal compensation. A low condition factor of the 24ºC acclimated fish would also have occurred due to the lack of metabolic thermal compensation, which would have caused high-energy demands and the utilization of energy stores. Thermal tolerance ranges shifted in the direction of temperature change for all acclimation groups, which indicates thermal compensation must have occurred to some degree at a variety of organizational levels. Swimming ability reflected metabolic thermal compensation, with the swimming ability of the 8ºC acclimated fish being similar to the 14ºC acclimated fish. In comparison, the 24ºC acclimated fish had a diminished swimming ability, which is likely to have occurred due to the reduced aerobic scope for activity of these fish and the low condition factor. The findings suggest that the increasing temperatures associated with climate change will cause N. celidotus to migrate to cooler waters in order to survive. This response will have a large effect on New Zealand’s marine ecosystem as N. celidotus is abundant in New Zealand waters and is an important part of the food chain. Additionally, the response of N. celidotus may be an indicator of the response of other New Zealand species to climate change, which could cause huge upset to New Zealand commercial fisheries.

Thesis (M.S.- Hydrology)--University of Arizona. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 190-198).

Thesis (M.S. - Agronomy)--University of Arizona. / Typewritten manuscript. Bibliography: leaf 21.

Mode of access: Internet via World Wide Web. Available at http://hdl.handle.net/1947/4680. / "November 2005"

Thesis (B.Sc. (Hons.)) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Zoology, 1975.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of New South Wales, 2000. / Also available online.