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[en] GENERATION OF THERMAL AND ELECTRIC LOAD PROFILES FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF A COGENERATION SYSTEM / [pt] GERAÇÃO DE PERFIS ELÉTRICO E TÉRMICO PARA OTIMIZAÇÃO DE UM SISTEMA DE COGERAÇÃOMARLON MAX HUAMANI BELLIDO 29 March 2006 (has links)
[pt] A cogeração é um conceito presente nas formas de conversão
energética do
futuro, uma vez que propõe a otimização no aproveitamento
das fontes ou
recursos energéticos utilizados. A especificação do
sistema passa, primeiramente,
por uma análise técnica-econômica, onde todos os insumos
têm seu custo
marginal ponderado, e as despesas energéticas finais são
quantificadas para
minimizar o custo da energia produzida. Na transformação
dos sistemas
convencionais para operação em cogeração, existe a
necessidade de estimar o
consumo de energia elétrica e térmica consumida por estes,
para que o sistema de
cogeração possa ser dimensionado e assim deslocar a
energia elétrica consumida
pelos sistemas convencionais. Neste trabalho, uma
metodologia foi desenvolvida
para a estimativa dos perfis elétrico e térmico mês a mês
ao longo do ano, a partir
dos poucos dados normalmente disponíveis. No perfil
elétrico, dados de consumo
de energia elétrica medidos na PUC-Rio, para cada 15
minutos no período um de
um ano, foram utilizados para validar esta metodologia. No
perfil térmico, uma
metodologia foi desenvolvida; discutir-se-á como o consumo
de energia térmica
pode ser estimado a partir dos valores da temperatura
ambiente, cargas térmicas
internas e radiação solar incidente no local. Devido à
pouca disponibilidade de
dados e bibliografia para a validação desta metodologia,
apresenta-se,
simplesmente, uma comparação no cálculo da radiação solar
média da
metodologia proposta com uma outra diferente e um exemplo
de cálculo de cargas
térmicas, para um restaurante localizado em Albuquerque -
Estados Unidos. / [en] The cogeneration will be an always present concept in the
forms of energy
conversion in the future, since it proposes to optimize
the use of the energy
resources. The system specification goes primarily through
a technical economic
analysis, where all the investments and operational costs
are quantified for
minimizing the cost of the produced energy. In the
transformation of conventional
systems for operation in cogeneration mode, there exists
the necessity to estimate
of electric and thermal consumption by these, so that the
cogeneration system can
be planned and thus displace the electric energy that
would be used by the
conventional systems. This works develops a methodology
for estimating the
electric and thermal load profiles, month by month along
the year, from the few
normally available data. For the electric profile, annual
consumption data of
electric energy measured at PUC-Rio, every 15 minutes in
period of one year, has
been used to validate this methodology. For the thermal
profile, a methodology
was developed; it discusses how the consumption of thermal
energy can be
estimated from values of ambient temperature, internal
thermal loads and solar
radiation incident on to place. Due to little data
availability a comparison of the
average solar radiation calculated by the proposed
methodology and the one which
is usually available in the literature, is done for a
typical restaurant located in
Albuquerque - United States.
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Non-Invasive Microwave HyperthermiaHabash, Riadh W Y 04 1900 (has links)
Presented in this thesis are the following theoretical investigations carried out on the non-invasive microwave hyperthermia of malignant tumours in the human body:
Fundamental concepts of electromagnetic wave propagation through a biomass and its interaction with it, are discussed. Various types of applicators used for producing hyperthermia in a biomass, are also discussed.
Propagation of a uniform plane electromagnetic wave through a human body is investigated for the general case of oblique incidence. Various models used for the human body have been discussed and the planar multilayer model has been chosen for this study. Reflection and transmission coefficients for both the parallel and perpendicular linear polarisations of the wave, have been determined. For normal incidence, power transfer ratio at the muscle has been defined and calculated at 433, 915 and 2450 MHz (ISM frequencies).
Efects of skin thickness and also of fat thickness, on the power transfer ratio at muscle, have been studied. Effects of the thickness and dielectric constant of a bolus, and also of the dielectric constant of an initial layer, on the power transfer ratio, have been studied and their optimum values obtained at the ISM frequencies. For microwave hyperthermia, 915 MHz is recommended as the frequency of operation.
Steady-state solution of the bioheat transfer equation has been obtained, assuming the biomass to be a semi-infinite homogeneous medium. Effects of various physical parameters on the temperature profile in the biomass, have been studied. Also studied is the effect of the surface temperature on the magnitude, location and the width of the temperature peak attained in the biomass. A method to determine the microwave power and the surface temperature required to produce a prescribed temperature profile in the biomass, has been developed. The transient-state solution of the bioheat transfer equation has been obtained to study the building up of the temperature profile.
Procedures for the design of an open-ended rectangular metal waveguide applicator and for estimating the total microwave power requirement to produce hyperthermia in the human body, have been developed. Performance of the applicators employing linear as well as planar arrays of open-ended rectangular metal waveguide antennas, has also been studied. In order to reduce the overall physical size of the applicators, filling up of the feed waveguide with a high dielectric constant but low loss material is suggested. A simple method of obtaining the elements of the array by partitioning a large aperture by using metal walls has been adopted. Calculation of the total microwave power required by various applicators for producing hyperthermia at various depths in a biomas, have been made and a comparison of the performance of various applicators, has been presented.
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