[pt] A cogeração é um conceito presente nas formas de conversão energética do futuro, uma vez que propõe a otimização no aproveitamento das fontes ou recursos energéticos utilizados. A especificação do sistema passa, primeiramente, por uma análise técnica-econômica, onde todos os insumos têm seu custo marginal ponderado, e as despesas energéticas finais são quantificadas para minimizar o custo da energia produzida. Na transformação dos sistemas convencionais para operação em cogeração, existe a necessidade de estimar o consumo de energia elétrica e térmica consumida por estes, para que o sistema de cogeração possa ser dimensionado e assim deslocar a energia elétrica consumida pelos sistemas convencionais. Neste trabalho, uma metodologia foi desenvolvida para a estimativa dos perfis elétrico e térmico mês a mês ao longo do ano, a partir dos poucos dados normalmente disponíveis. No perfil elétrico, dados de consumo de energia elétrica medidos na PUC-Rio, para cada 15 minutos no período um de um ano, foram utilizados para validar esta metodologia. No perfil térmico, uma metodologia foi desenvolvida; discutir-se-á como o consumo de energia térmica pode ser estimado a partir dos valores da temperatura ambiente, cargas térmicas internas e radiação solar incidente no local. Devido à pouca disponibilidade de dados e bibliografia para a validação desta metodologia, apresenta-se, simplesmente, uma comparação no cálculo da radiação solar média da metodologia proposta com uma outra diferente e um exemplo de cálculo de cargas térmicas, para um restaurante localizado em Albuquerque - Estados Unidos. / [en] The cogeneration will be an always present concept in the forms of energy conversion in the future, since it proposes to optimize the use of the energy resources. The system specification goes primarily through a technical economic analysis, where all the investments and operational costs are quantified for minimizing the cost of the produced energy. In the transformation of conventional systems for operation in cogeneration mode, there exists the necessity to estimate of electric and thermal consumption by these, so that the cogeneration system can be planned and thus displace the electric energy that would be used by the conventional systems. This works develops a methodology for estimating the electric and thermal load profiles, month by month along the year, from the few normally available data. For the electric profile, annual consumption data of electric energy measured at PUC-Rio, every 15 minutes in period of one year, has been used to validate this methodology. For the thermal profile, a methodology was developed; it discusses how the consumption of thermal energy can be estimated from values of ambient temperature, internal thermal loads and solar radiation incident on to place. Due to little data availability a comparison of the average solar radiation calculated by the proposed methodology and the one which is usually available in the literature, is done for a typical restaurant located in Albuquerque - United States.

Presented in this thesis are the following theoretical investigations carried out on the non-invasive microwave hyperthermia of malignant tumours in the human body: Fundamental concepts of electromagnetic wave propagation through a biomass and its interaction with it, are discussed. Various types of applicators used for producing hyperthermia in a biomass, are also discussed. Propagation of a uniform plane electromagnetic wave through a human body is investigated for the general case of oblique incidence. Various models used for the human body have been discussed and the planar multilayer model has been chosen for this study. Reflection and transmission coefficients for both the parallel and perpendicular linear polarisations of the wave, have been determined. For normal incidence, power transfer ratio at the muscle has been defined and calculated at 433, 915 and 2450 MHz (ISM frequencies). Efects of skin thickness and also of fat thickness, on the power transfer ratio at muscle, have been studied. Effects of the thickness and dielectric constant of a bolus, and also of the dielectric constant of an initial layer, on the power transfer ratio, have been studied and their optimum values obtained at the ISM frequencies. For microwave hyperthermia, 915 MHz is recommended as the frequency of operation. Steady-state solution of the bioheat transfer equation has been obtained, assuming the biomass to be a semi-infinite homogeneous medium. Effects of various physical parameters on the temperature profile in the biomass, have been studied. Also studied is the effect of the surface temperature on the magnitude, location and the width of the temperature peak attained in the biomass. A method to determine the microwave power and the surface temperature required to produce a prescribed temperature profile in the biomass, has been developed. The transient-state solution of the bioheat transfer equation has been obtained to study the building up of the temperature profile. Procedures for the design of an open-ended rectangular metal waveguide applicator and for estimating the total microwave power requirement to produce hyperthermia in the human body, have been developed. Performance of the applicators employing linear as well as planar arrays of open-ended rectangular metal waveguide antennas, has also been studied. In order to reduce the overall physical size of the applicators, filling up of the feed waveguide with a high dielectric constant but low loss material is suggested. A simple method of obtaining the elements of the array by partitioning a large aperture by using metal walls has been adopted. Calculation of the total microwave power required by various applicators for producing hyperthermia at various depths in a biomas, have been made and a comparison of the performance of various applicators, has been presented.