Ten gaseous transient metal-containing molecules have been synthesized and studied by high resolution spectroscopy. Transient molecules are molecules with a short lifetime, and they play an important role in chemistry because they are reaction intermediates. One of the difficulties faced in studying transient molecules is their typically low concentrations under laboratory conditions. Three types of sources were used to generate these molecules: 1) an emission source that combines a high temperature furnace with an electrical discharge was used to generate SbH, SbD, TeH, TeD, CdH2, CdD2, HZnCl and BeF2; 2) a King furnace (carbon tube furnace) was used to synthesize CoS; 3) a Broida-type oven (metal flow reactor) was used to generate SrOD. Two spectroscopic techniques were employed to study these molecules: 1) Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy was used to study SbH, SbD, TeH, TeD, CdH2, CdD2, HZnCl, BeF2, and CoS. 2) Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to study SrOD. One or two lasers were used to excite the SrOD molecules from the ground state to excited electronic states and then these SrOD molecules relaxed back to the ground state by emitting fluorescence, which was detected by a photomultiplier tube. Significantly-improved spectroscopic constants have been obtained for SbH, SbD, TeH and TeD. For SbH and SbD, the infrared X 3– vibration-rotation bands and the near infrared b 1+ – X 3– transition were observed and rotationally analyzed, and a Hund’s case (a) fit was performed for each of the four observed SbH isotopologues. For TeH and TeD, the X 23/2 vibration-rotation bands and the near infrared X 21/2– X 23/2 transition have been observed and rotationally analyzed, and Hund’s case (a) and case (c) fits were performed for each of the ten observed TeH isotopologues. New spectroscopic constants were obtained for HZnCl, CdH2 and CdD2. These three molecules have been successfully generated in the gas phase for the first time. The fundamental band and one hot band were obtained for the H–Zn stretching mode (1) and for the antisymmetric stretching mode (3) of CdH2 and CdD2. A least-squares fit was performed for each of the four observed HZnCl isotopologues and the twelve observed CdH2 isotopologues For the first time, a complete set of molecular constants for all three vibrational frequencies was experimentally determined for BeF2. Thirteen new hot bands were rotationally analyzed and the 1, 2, and3 vibrational frequencies were directly determined by fitting nineteen bands together. The traditional equilibrium vibrational and rotational constants were obtained for BeF2 by simultaneously fitting the observed vibrational term values and B rotational constants. New spectroscopic constants were obtained for two electronic states of CoS and SrOD, respectively. The A 4i – X 4i and B 4i – X 4i transitions of CoS and the and transitions of SrOD were observed for the first time. Hund’s case (c) fits were performed for the CoS transitions and Hund’s case (a) fits were performed for the SrOD transitions.

Services are computational elements that expose functionality in a platform independent manner. They are the basic building blocks of the service-oriented (SO) design/integration paradigm. Composite Web Services (CWS) aggregate multiple Web Services (WSs), which is typically achieved by use of a workflow language. A workflow coordinates services in a manner that is consistent with the desired overall functionality (e.g. business process).<p> When the atomic and composite services are exposed to various users, the performance and runtime behavior of WSs becomes important. To ensure wide deployment of CWS, the performance issues must be studied. This research focuses on the performance of atomic and composite SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) WSs under transient overloads. This research includes conducting experiments with WSs, studying the runtime behavior, and building simulation models of WSs workflow patterns. Simulation models of different WSs workflow patterns are built to study different situations. Timeout and network latency are added to the model to better simulate real systems. The simulation models are used to predict the runtime behavior of WSs and CWS, as well as to improve the performance with existing, limited resources.

Shale gas has become increasingly important to United States energy supply. During recent decades, the mechanisms of shale gas storage and transport were gradually recognized. Gas desorption was also realized and quantitatively described. Models and approaches special for estimating rate decline and recovery of shale gas wells were developed. As the strategy of the horizontal well with multiple transverse fractures (MTFHW) was discovered and its significance to economic shale gas production was understood, rate decline and pressure transient analysis models for this type of well were developed to reveal the well behavior. In this thesis, we considered a “Triple-porosity/Dual-permeability” model and performed sensitivity studies to understand long term pressure drawdown behavior of MTFHWs. A key observation from this study is that the early linear flow regime before interfracture interference gives a relationship between summed fracture half-length and permeability, from which we can estimate either when the other is known. We studied the impact of gas desorption on the time when the pressure perturbation caused by production from adjacent transference fractures (fracture interference time) and programmed an empirical method to calculate a time shift that can be used to qualify the gas desorption impact on long term production behavior. We focused on the field case Well A in New Albany Shale. We estimated the EUR for 33 wells, including Well A, using an existing analysis approach. We applied a unified BU-RNP method to process the one-year production/pressure transient data and performed PTA to the resulting virtual constant-rate pressure drawdown. Production analysis was performed meanwhile. Diagnosis plots for PTA and RNP analysis revealed that only the early linear flow regime was visible in the data, and permeability was estimated both from a model match and from the relationship between fracture halflength and permeability. Considering gas desorption, the fracture interference will occur only after several centuries. Based on this result, we recommend a well design strategy to increase the gas recovery factor by decreasing the facture spacing. The higher EUR of Well A compared to the vertical wells encourages drilling more MTFHWs in New Albany Shale.

This work of well performance modeling is focused on solving problems of transient and pseudo-steady state fluid flow in a rectilinear closed boundaries reservoir. This model has been applied to predict and to optimize gas production from a horizontal well intercepted by multiple transverse fractures in a bounded reservoir, and it also provides well-testing solutions. The well performance model is designed to provide enhanced efficiency with the same reliability for pressure transient analysis, and well performance prediction, especially in complex well fracture configuration. The principle is to simplify the calculation of the pressure response to an instantaneous withdraw, which happens in other fractures, within a shorter computational time. This pressure response is substituted with the interaction between the two whole fractures. This method is validated through comparison to results of rigorous Distributed Volumetric Sources (DVS) method in simple symmetric fracture configuration, and to results of field production data for complex well/fracture configuration of a tight gas reservoir. The results show a good agreement in both ways. This model indicates the capability to handle the situations, such as: various well drainages, asymmetry of the fracture wings, and curved horizontal well. The advantage of this well performance model is to provide faster processing - reducing the computational time as the number of fractures increase. Also, this approach is able to be applied as an optimization and screening tool to obtain the best fracture configurations for reservoir development of economically marginal fields, in terms of the number and dimensions of fractures per well, also with external economic and operational constraints.

Abstract Jet impingement heat transfer is an enhanced heat transfer technique.This article reports results on the local heat transfer coefficients for confined impinging air jet.A transient thermochromatic liquid crystals technique is used to visualize and record isotherms on an impingement surface. Quantitative temperature measurement using thermochromatic liquid crystals is a field temperature measurement technique. It utilizes the feature that TLCs change their reflex light colors with variation of temperature and apply an image capturing and processing system to calibrate the characteristic curve of TLCs colour-temperature,and then use it to measure the distribution of surface temperature. Therefore , it can solve some problem that cannot be solved by traditional point Temperature measuring methods in heat transfer field. The main object of this articale is to set up a temperature measurement system of transient thermochromatic liquid crystals. Furthermore, an experimental is carried out in the present study to investigate the characteristics of heat transfer resulting from a low speed air jet impinging onto a horizontal circular disk confined in a vertical adiabatic cylindrical chamber. Experiments are conducted at low nozzle-to-disc spacing (0.5<H/D <3.5) and Reynolds number in the range of500 to 1500 for two different injection pips. The results show that the effects of Reynolds number and nozzle-to-disc spacing on the local heat-transfer coefficient are reported and compared with different diameter of injection pipes.Finally , empirical equations are proposed to correlate the effect of Reynolds number and nozzle-to-disc spacing .

This study investigates the starting characteristics of metal halide lamps. A laboratory electronic ballast was built to drive metal halide lamps with a programmable low-frequency square-wave current. The lamp current at each stage of the starting transient can be independently adjusted. Experiments were conducted on 150-W metal halide lamps. By examining the waveforms of transient voltage, current and power, the starting period can be classified into four stages, breakdown, glow discharging, glow-to-arc transition, and thermal equilibrium. In addition, the stable operation is defined by observing the variations of the lamp arc, lighting spectrum and luminous output. Based on the investigation results, four starting scenarios are presented and examined to learn the different acceleration schemes. Experimental evidence shows that the starting time of a metal halide lamp can be effectively shortened by increasing the lamp current during the start-up transition. More importantly, a specifically-regulated operating power enables the lamp to further enhance the luminance producing, and hence to greatly reduce the starting transient period.

Abstract There are three focal points in this experimental study¡G(1)Change Reynolds number(Re) and measure the heat transfer coefficients on upper¡Bback¡Bside and front surfaces of a chip for standard height(20mm)¡F(2)Influences of the surface heat transfer coefficients when change the heights of a chip to 10mm and 30mm , then compare with the results of a chip with standard height¡F(3)Compare the heat transfer effects of a chip on different positions of the testing region. The range of Re is 2000~10000 in this experiment and the chip sets are installed on the testing board with a 3x4 array. According to similarity principles to setup whole experimental models¡Fassume this experimental system is a semi-infinite region and its heat transfer model is one dimension¡Fuse the transient heat transfer method with thermochromic liquid crystal as the surface thermometer , then we assemble micro video cameras in the experimental system to obtain the color changing images on chip surfaces. The software , LCIA (Liquid Crystal Image Analysis) , is used to analysis the changed color and the temporal history of the surface temperatures to determine the local heat transfer coefficients on chip surfaces. The results show¡G(1)The heat transfer coefficients on chip surfaces are increased with Re and effects of vortex¡F(2)Upper surface of the chip has the largest average heat transfer coefficient(h) , front surface and side surface have almost the same at lower Re , but at higher Re , of front surface is larger than side surface¡Fback surface has the lowest ¡F(3)When change the height of the first chip to 10mm , it has the best heat transfer effects at Re=2175 and 3257¡Fthere is almost the same effects at Re=4423 with different heights(10mm , 20mm and 30mm) and from Re=5535 to 9973 , this chip has the best heat transfer effects at 30mm. Then change the heights of the second and third chips , there are the best heat transfer effects at 30mm and the lowest at 10mm¡F(4)When fix heights of the chips at 10mm and 20mm , there are more better heat transfer effects as chips more close to the entrance of the testing channel , but once the heights of chips are 30mm , the positions of chips on the testing region are not very important influences to heat transfer effects.

Abstract Spray cooling is frequently encountered in a number of engineering applications. An experimental study was made to investigate the effect of liquid sprays used to cool a hot surface. Both pure water and R-134a were served as a working medium sprayed from a single circular nozzle onto a Pt plated surface of an electrically heated surface. Spray cooling tests were performed for steady state and transient experiment. Cooling characteristics curves were obtained over a range of Weber number(Water¡G80¡B148¡B231¡AR-134a¡G50¡B96¡B152),pressure drop of liquid(0.1Mpa¡B0.15Mpa¡B0.2Mpa),degree of subcooling (Water¡G55¢J¡B60¢J¡AR-134a¡G2¢J¡B4¢J) and initial temperature(Water¡G240¢J¡AR-134a¡G60¢J). Thermal design data of high performance as well as more and further physical insight of the above-stated spray cooling heat transfer can be acquired. The results will hopefully be helpful not only for the academia but for the industry.

Fracture-injection/falloff sequences are routinely used as pre-frac well tests to estimate reservoir pressure and transmissibility, but the current interpretation methods are limited to analyzing specific and very small portions of the pressure falloff data. To remove the current limitations, new analytical fractureinjection/ falloff models are developed that account for fracture propagation, fracture closure, and after fracture closure diffusion. A fracture-injection/falloff differs from a conventional injection/falloff sequence in that pressure during the injection is sufficient to initiate and propagate a hydraulic fracture. By considering fracture propagation as time-dependent storage, three new models are presented for a fractureinjection/ falloff sequence in a well in an infinite slab reservoir with a single vertical fracture created during the injection and with variable fracture and wellbore storage as follows: • Equivalent propagating-fracture and before-fracture-closure storage with constant after-fractureclosure storage. • Time-dependent propagating-fracture storage, constant before-closure storage, and constant afterclosure storage. • Time-dependent propagating-fracture storage, constant before-closure storage with linear flow from the fracture, and constant wellbore storage and skin with after-closure radial flow. When a fracture-injection can be considered as occurring instantaneously, limiting-case solutions of the new fracture-injection/falloff models suggest the observed pressure difference can be integrated to generate an equivalent pressure difference if the rate were constant. Consequently, a fractureinjection/ falloff sequence can be analyzed with constant-rate, variable-storage type curves. The new fracture-injection/falloff theory is also extended to allow for a fracture-injection in a reservoir containing an existing conductive hydraulic fracture. The new multiple-fracture fracture-injection/falloff model forms the basis of a new refracture-candidate diagnostic test that uses characteristic variable-storage behavior to qualitatively diagnose a pre-existing fracture retaining residual width and to determine if a preexisting fracture is damaged. A quantitative analysis methodology is also proposed that uses a new pressure-transient solution for a well in an infinite-slab reservoir producing through multiple arbitrarilyoriented finite- or infinite-conductivity fractures.

Due to the difficulty of reinforcement in power network and the interconnection of more distributed generators, fault current level has become a serious problem in transmission and distribution system operations. The utilization of fault current limiters (FCLs) in power system provides an effective way to suppress the fault currents. In this thesis the sensitivity of impedance matrix due to changes in the branch parameters is derived and used to choose the candidates for FCL installation in a complex power system. The proposed method also considers the effect on power system transient stability due to the installation of FCL. The Extended Equal Area Criterion (EEAC) is used to simplify the multi-machine transient stability problem to a simple equivalent modal and to simplify the transient stability evaluation. A fuzzy logic approach considering impedance of FCL, transient stability and voltage sag effects is used to choose good FCL installation locations in loop transmission systems.