No description available.

Through uneven processes of planning by a multiplicity of participants, Edinburgh’s built environment continues to emerge as the product of many competing strategies and projects of development. The 2005 proposal of a dramatic new development intended for an area of the city’s Old Town represents one such project in which many powerful municipal and commercial institutions are invested. As one of the last remaining residential areas of the Old Town, the population of which has experienced in recent decades a gradual transformation towards transience, the Canongate became the focus of a heated campaign organised by remaining residents who sought to claim their rights to participation in the redevelopment of their neighbourhood. This thesis explores the efforts of these campaigners to accomplish a Deleuzian reterritorialisation of the Canongate, in the face of perceived threats to its community, territorial identity and built environment, represented by the development proposal named Caltongate. The remarkable success of the campaign in cultivating a sense of community belonging and mobilising residents in collaborative efforts at reimagining alternative futures for the Canongate was ultimately unable to affect Caltongate’s approval through formalised bureaucratic procedures. Through an innovative programme of community research and representation, however, the campaigners have impacted subsequent community-led planning efforts throughout the Old Town, which emphasise small-scale development that is accountable to both the residential community and the built heritage of the Old Town. The relationship between the Canongate neighbourhood and the proposed Caltongate development, which is currently suspended in the depressed economic climate, emerges in this thesis as mutually constructive, as well as principally opposed.

The purpose of this study was to formulate a guideline for developing and managing the future neighbourhoods in the Central Region of Saudi Arabia based on the cultural norms of its residents. The initial cause for this study is the conflict between the imported new planning system and the restricted culture and behaviour of the people involved. In order to achieve the main objective of this thesis, a series of studies was undertaken. The theoretical background relating to the main issues of this study are reviewed and the notion of these issues defined according to the Saudi Arabian's belief and way of life which is essential to understanding. The thesis discussed, analysed, and evaluated three types of neighbourhoods planning systems which occurred in the study area. These were the traditional, the contemporary, and the new trends planning system. These studies where primarily formulated in light of the literature review and the analysis made from the information obtained via questionnaires, interviews, observation, and public and community consultations (carried out by the researcher in the summer 1988 and summer 1989). From the analysis, the thesis concludes that the future planning of the neighbourhoods should be formulated according to a man-surrounding relationship and his needs. In order to clarify this, the thesis defined a set of recommendations for forming and managing the future neighbourhoods. These include considering the socio-cultural and the individual requirements of the residents, making the plan open-ended, and establishing a local community authority to control the implementation and the growth of the neighbourhoods. Finally, the thesis briefly explains how to implement some of the recommended guidelines which need to be clarified through using a specific case study. It recommends also some further studies in order to reinforce and generalise the findings of the thesis.

The fast and in most cases uncontrolled urban growth, in Riyadh and other Saudi urban areas, has created many deficiencies such as land speculation, urban sprawl, lagging public services and utilities, along with other developments that are inconsistent with the development plan. The purpose of the study was to identify these problems of inconsistency and provide solutions to avoid them. In order to achieve the main objective of the thesis, the problem is briefly introduced by explaining the existing urban growth problems. A review of relevant theoretical literature background was carried out, particularly on development plans, control of development, and plan policy implementation, mainly in developed countries. In order to understand the local situation the economic and social factors affecting Saudi urban growth and land development were identified. Also the procedures and government institutions involved in the planning process and the control of urban growth were introduced an d their role explained. As infrastructures and public services are one critical component of any urban development process, their scale and distribution in Riyadh were assessed. In addition a description of land ownership, local and legal rights of development, the effect of Saudi planning in developing land, the common practice and the perceived weaknesses of control of development were presented. To get some clear idea of Riyadh urban growth during the case study period (1977 - 1992), an analysis of the various land use activities and scale were conducted for that period. Then an assessment and examination of these developments was carried out to determine and identify the developments that are inconsistent to the Development Plan, and explain the causes of such inconsistencies. At the end, based on the analysis of the thesis, a suggestion of possible alternatives to control development and urban growth is given, and the thesis is concluded by recommending proposals for more effective control of development and more efficient plan policy implementation.

An essential assumption for the usefulness of near miss reporting is the common cause hypothesis: the causal pathways of near misses are supposed to be similar to those of actual accidents (such as injuries and damages). The common cause hypothesis was originally proposed by Heinrich (1931) in his seminal book "Industrial Accident Prevention". Since then, the hypothesis has been alternately supported and rejected based on a confounded view of the interdependence of severity, frequency and causation. The evidence from various studies is examined and it is concluded that the hypothesis has not been properly tested. Thus this thesis tests the validity of the common cause hypothesis. In order to develop the methodology to test the ommon cause hypothesis analytical work in the area of incident analysis and reporting was required. Thus this thesis also outlines the approaches to accident and incident analysis and makes several recommendations regarding the use of taxonomies and reporting systems. A reporting and analysis system (CIRAS) for the collection and analysis of near misses and unsafe acts and practices was developed and implemented for use in the UK railway industry. This reporting and analysis system formed the basis for the test of the common cause hypothesis. Data used to empirically test the common cause hypothesis come from one company of the UK railway industry. Three types of data were used: incidents resulting in 'fatality & injury', 'damage' or 'near miss''. A total of 240 incidents were collected via management reports and a voluntary reporting system. All incidents were coded for causal factors according to the CIRAS (Confidential Incident Reporting and Analysis System) taxonomy. A total of 750 causal factors were assigned to the 240 incidents. Analysis was performed on a comparison of the proportion of codes occurring at all three consequence levels using Chi-square analysis. Results : The CIRAS taxonomy consists of 21 individual causal factors. Only three of these factors (knowledge based, training and procedures) were significantly different across the three severity levels. It is therefore concluded that this research provides qualified support for the common cause hypothesis.

No description available.

Recently, "sustainable development" has become the key concept in the integration of environmental and economic policy. However, little literature considers the links between sustainable development and urban development. This research focuses on these concepts and attempts to develop the term sustainable urban development through an investigation of the "Kampung Improvement Programme (KIP)", and particularly, a case study of Jakarta - Indonesia. The main objectives of the research are to examine the sustainability of KIPMIlT in Jakarta, specifically to analyse the physical, economic, social and environmental characteristics that positively affect urban systems and should be considered as a component of sustainable urban development as a means of improving quality of life and standards of living. The analysis is based on the data collected from two types of kampung areas: improved kampungs and unimproved kampungs. Moreover, each of these have two types of surveys: the household survey which examines the extent of movement of the people to the urban kampungs and their physical, social and economic living conditions; and the leadership survey which examines the extent to which kampungs settlers have participation, opinions, perception and satisfaction in the KIP. The study concludes that the impact of KIP of the kampung study areas in Jakarta has been to improve not only the physical and environment conditions but also the social and economic conditions of the people as a means of increasing the standards of living and improving the quality of life. In considering the implications of these findings on sustainable urban development in Jakarta, it is shown that the KIP has been concerned with the creation of balanced urban development which does not jeopardise future generations. It is based on social, economic, physical and environment activities, and integrated approach among the government, community participation and international agencies.

<p> The Village Market is a nonprofit Healthy Corner Store that has been open since May of 2011 in the mixed-use, mixed-income New Columbia housing development in Portland, Oregon&rsquo;s Portsmouth neighborhood. The venture began as a &ldquo;community-led&rdquo; effort in partnership with Janus Youth Programs and Home Forward. The project was conceived after a private enterprise in the small grocery space designed into the development failed, leaving the neighborhood without easy access to healthy foods. This dissertation is a case study of the development process, the operation of the market, and the degree to which it addresses food justice and health equity concerns, among others, of residents. It is a case study of the Healthy Corner Store movement that uses food regime theory and political economy perspectives to critically examine the translation of Healthy Corner Store movement theory into practice, highlighting the perspectives of New Columbia residents on the endeavor. It explores the transition of the store from a community-led project to a management-led social enterprise, and the impacts of that approach on local autonomy, food justice, health equity as well as its successes and shortcomings. The store&rsquo;s situation in a mixed-income community meant that it had a particularly diverse set of expectations to navigate, and the changes to the store over time reflect Village Market&rsquo;s growing understanding of the implications of that situation but also a limited capacity to accommodate residents&rsquo; differing tastes and the price sensitivity that many of them exhibit in their shopping habits.</p>

During the 1970s, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) developed into an important tool for integrating environmental information into decision making for project developments. Its use at the policy and plan level has not proceeded with such rapidity although its desirability at these higher levels of decision-making has been widely acknowledged. In the UK, EIA has been used in project assessment but little consideration has been given to its application to forward planning for land use. This research examines the hypothesis that environmental consequences (biophysical and socio economic) are not explored adequately in UK land use policy and plan-making and that EIA can be integrated into the existing system to ameliorate this deficiency. The essential substantive and procedural components of EIA are identified and practical developments at the policy and plan level in the US, Canada and the Netherlands are examined to enable comparison with UK achievements in integrating environmental information in land use policy-making. Statutory requirements for UK structure and local plans already necessitate the collection of a wide range of environmental data and the plan-making procedure does not prevent the identification of impacts. However, traditional formal planning evaluation methods use ad hoc inputs of- environmental information and do not take an exploratory approach to impact identification. A range of EIA methods is available dealing with impact identification, that would appear to be complementary to traditional plan evaluation methods. In practice formal evaluation methods have not been extensively used in UK structure and local plan-making so case studies of plans developed using informal evaluation are examined. A checklist based on the Battelle Environmental Evaluation System is used to compare the environmental content of four plans. In two of these plans the planners have no experience of EIA (normative examples), while in the other two cases, planners involved in their preparation have knowledge of the use of EIA in local projects. An attempt is made to use an EIA method in one of the cases. In procedural terms the case studies reveal that prediction of policy impacts are not usually undertaken at a discrete stage of plan preparation. Instead, policies are formulated as the optimum answer to problems, given constraints, which renders the production of alternatives redundant. Comparison of policy output from the two types of cases reveals similarities in landscape and built environment conservation policies but heightened awareness to risk, hazard and pollution aspects in the EIA influenced plans. Two models of the integration of EIA into multi-dimensional land use plan-making are presented. However, EIA would appear to have a more appropriate role in policy/plan review which is of increasing importance in the evolving UK planning system.

In the late nineteenth century, and the first seventy years of the twentieth, municipal enterprise in utilities was one of the major functions of local authorities. The process by which Aberdeen took its tramways into municipal ownership is examined, and contrasted with experience in Glasgow Management and direction of the Transport Department by professional managers and politicans was an issue throughout its history. After the First World War, the Department had to deal with pressures of competition and renewal of assets when Aberdeen was undergoing rapid change in population distribution as central areas were cleared and new housing was constructed in outlying areas. The influence of central government became more marked through the financing and planning of these housing estates, and the local government structures in Aberdeen were placed under increasing strain. The failure to co-ordinate planning, housing and transport resulted in fragmented decision-making, and the lack of a transport strategy in particular led to serious mistakes in transport planning and investment. The direction of transport policy was also affected by external factors, including concerns about road safety and traffic congestion. The decision to abandon the tramways is examined in some depth, and it is concluded that their abandonment should have been undertaken earlier, avoiding needless fleet renewal. In the post-tramway period the difficulties facing the Transport Department, of dealing with falling demand and the need to reduce costs, are examined. Throughout the study, the influence of local politicians on decision-making, and the influence of local critics of their policies, are considered.