Th.--Méd.--Paris, 1893-1894. / Paris, 1893-1894, Tome XIX, n ° 5.

by Ngai Yuk Keung. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-75). / SUMMARY --- p.1 / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.3 / Chapter 2. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Properties of GAGs --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- FUNCTION OF GAGs --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- METABOLISM OF GAGs --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Mucopolysaccharidoses --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND GENETICS OF MPS --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Treatment --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3 --- Laboratory tests for the diagnosis of MPS --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- SCREENING --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4 --- Confirmation method --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Enzyme assay --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Electrophoresis --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Chromatography --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5 --- Conclusion of Literature Review --- p.23 / Chapter 2.6 --- Choice of method --- p.24 / Chapter 2.7 --- The present study --- p.25 / Chapter 3. --- MATERIALS --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1 --- Material --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2 --- Stock solution --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3 --- Stock standards --- p.26 / Chapter 3.4 --- Working standards --- p.27 / Chapter 3.5 --- Working DMB solution --- p.27 / Chapter 3.6 --- Instruments --- p.27 / Chapter 3.7 --- Statistics --- p.27 / Chapter 3.8 --- Urine samples --- p.28 / Chapter 4. --- METHODS --- p.29 / Chapter 4.1 --- Studies on spectral characteristics --- p.29 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Spectrum of DMB --- p.29 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Spectra of DMB-GAG products --- p.29 / Chapter 4.2 --- Studies on stability --- p.29 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Stability of DMB dye in assay condition --- p.29 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Stability of DMB-GAG products in assay condition --- p.30 / Chapter 4.3 --- Linearity studies --- p.30 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Linearity of DMB dye --- p.30 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Linearity of GA G assay --- p.32 / Chapter 4.4 --- Detection limit --- p.32 / Chapter 4.5 --- Precision study --- p.32 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Within-run precision --- p.32 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Between-day precision --- p.32 / Chapter 4.6 --- Interference study --- p.33 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Haemoglobin --- p.33 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Protein --- p.33 / Chapter 4.7 --- Recovery study --- p.34 / Chapter 4.8 --- Correlation study --- p.34 / Chapter 4.9 --- Automated measurement of urinary GAG --- p.35 / Chapter 4.10 --- Reference range --- p.35 / Chapter 4.11 --- GAG in mentally retarded patients --- p.36 / Chapter 5. --- RESULTS --- p.37 / Chapter 5.1 --- Studies on spectral Characteristics --- p.37 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- DMB Spectrum --- p.37 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Spectra of DMB-GAG products --- p.37 / Chapter 5.2 --- Studies on stability --- p.43 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Stability of DMB dye in assay condition --- p.43 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Stability ofDMB-GAG reaction mixture in assay condition --- p.43 / Chapter 5.3 --- Linearity studies --- p.43 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Linearity of DMB dye --- p.43 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Linearity of GAG assay --- p.47 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Detection limit --- p.50 / Chapter 5.4 --- Precision study --- p.50 / Chapter 5.5 --- Interference study --- p.52 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Haemoglobin --- p.52 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Protein --- p.52 / Chapter 5.6 --- Recovery study --- p.52 / Chapter 5.7 --- Correlation study --- p.52 / Chapter 5.8 --- Reference range --- p.55 / Chapter 5.9 --- GAG in mentally retarded patients --- p.55 / Chapter 6. --- DISCUSSION --- p.60 / Chapter 6.1 --- Analytical Performance --- p.62 / Chapter 6.2 --- Clinical performance --- p.64 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Reference population --- p.64 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Mentally retarded patients --- p.65 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Suggestion for future studies --- p.66 / Chapter 7. --- CONCLUSION --- p.67 / Chapter 8. --- APPENDIX --- p.68 / Chapter 9. --- REFERENCE --- p.69

Bladder cancer is the second most common genitourinary tumor and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. To find the noninvasive tumor marker for bladder cancer is still a challenge. Recently, the circulating cell-free DNA had been used for detection of some tumors. However, most of these studies selected the blood sample as the free DNA source. The purpose of this thesis is to develop and evaluate the more noninvasive method and tumor marker for bladder cancer detection, especially for the cell-free DNA. Three directions were addressed as followed: 1). urine cell-free DNA makers such as creatinine-adjusted cell-free DNA concentration, 2). DNA integrity (DNA length) and 3). Promoter hypermethylation for DNA repair genes. First, creatinine-adjusted urine cell-free DNA concentration was quantified via real time PCR. The real time PCR-based detection is based on detection large fragment cell-free DNA. Real time PCR-based urine cell-free DNA concentration of bladder cancer patients was higher than controls. Mean concentrations of 36 bladder cancer patients and 93 controls which detected by real time PCR were 14.98 and 1.07 pg/

Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-73).

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1973. / Typewritten.

A transverse heated filter atomizer (THFA) was applied to the direct determination of Cd and Pb in urine, and its analytical performances were investigated using a PerkinElmer SIMAA 6000 atomic absorption spectrometer. Seronorm certified human urine reference materials and six realistic samples collected locally were used for the method validation. The urines were diluted ten- or five-fold with 0.2% HNO3. Cd and Pb nitrate solutions were employed as standards. Recoveries of the elements from the urine samples were investigated with the analyte addition method. Compared to the transverse heated graphite atomizer (THGA) with a platform, the THFA provided a significant reduction of spectral background and chemical interferences from the urine matrix, without the use of chemical matrix modifiers, a 1.5–2 times increase of the determination sensitivity and, therefore, a reduction of limits of detection up to 0.018 and 0.2 mg L21 for Cd and Pb, respectively. The use of a THFA collector made from carbon fiber and a tungsten wire improved recoveries of lead and cadmium in urine (¢92%). A sampling temperature 150 uC enabled us to skip the drying period, thus a significantly reduced temperature program was obtained. The accuracies of the measurements of Cd and Pb in the Seronorm urine materials were in good agreement with the recommended values: 4.1 ¡ 0.1 mg L21 of Cd (recommended 5) and 92 ¡ 1 mg L21 of Pb (recommended 85). The lifetime of the THFA for Pb determination was longer than 700 firings, with the sensitivity loss not more than 25% after 500 firings.

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Thesis (PH. D.) -- University of Chicago, 1917. / "Private edition, distributed by the University of Chicago Libraries, Chicago, Illinois." "Reprinted from the American journal of physiology, vol. XLV, no. 4, March 1918." Bibliography: p. 484.