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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

[pt] ESTRATÉGIAS DE GERAÇÃO DE MALHAS NÃO-ESTRUTURADAS E TRANSFERÊNCIA DE ESCALA PARA SIMULAÇÃO DE ESCOAMENTO EM RESERVATÓRIOS / [en] GRIDDING AND SCALING STRATEGIES FOR UNSTRUCTURED RESERVOIR FLOW SIMULATION

ANDRE PAOLIELLO MODENESI 29 April 2020 (has links)
[pt] A simulação numérica é uma ferramenta essencial para a engenharia de reservatórios moderna, em particular no desenvolvimento de campos de óleo marítimos. A maioria das simulações de reservatórios utilizam malhas estruturadas em três dimensões, com tamanho variando de alguns milhares a dezenas de milhões de células. Algumas simulações apresentam um alto custo computacional que pode dificultar os estudos de desenvolvimento de um campo, mesmo com a alta capacidade computacional disponível hoje. Malhas de simulação não-estruturadas são uma alternativa para reduzir o tamanho dos modelos de reservatórios (e, consequentemente, o tempo de execução das simulações), sem sacrificar a qualidade dos resultados. Este trabalho utiliza malhas de Voronoi, também conhecidas como malhas de bissetores perpendiculares, uma vez que suas propriedades permitem simplificar as equações discretizadas do escoamento em comparação com outros tipos de malhas não-estruturadas. Dois passos são críticos para a criação de um modelo não-estruturado de reservatórios a partir de um modelo geológico refinado: geração da malha e transferência de escala das propriedades. A maioria dos métodos propostos para ambas as tarefas utilizam informações de simulações na malha refinada. Embora essa abordagem apresente bons resultados, pode ser muito custosa e precisa ser refeita caso haja alterações significativas nas condições de escoamento. Este trabalho discute técnicas para geração de malha e transferência de escala que não dependam de simulações na escala fina. As técnicas utilizam apenas a distribuição de propriedades de reservatórios e o posicionamento de poços, falhas e outras feições discretas. A abordagem adotada para geração da malha parte de uma disposição regular de pontos que são redistribuídos de acordo com um mapa de espaçamento previamente definido. Dois algoritmos iterativos para redistribuição desses pontos baseados em modelos físicos são propostos. Diversos critérios de espaçamento também são investigados. Dois algoritmos de transferência de escala em malhas não-estruturadas são propostos. Estes métodos se baseiam nas técnicas de Cardwell and Parsons e de renormalização para transferência de escala em malhas estruturadas. Por fim, exemplos representativos são utilizados para demonstrar as potencialidades e eficácia das estratégias propostas. / [en] Numerical simulation represents an essential tool for modern reservoir engineering, especially for the development of offshore oil fields. Most reservoir simulations are performed on three-dimensional structured grids, with a size ranging from a few thousands to tens of millions of cells. Some simulations can have a high computational cost that hinders the field development studies, even using the processing power available nowadays. Unstructured meshes are an effective alternative to reduce the size of reservoir models (and, consequently, the overall simulation time) without sacrificing the quality of the results. In this work, we adopt Voronoi meshes, also known as perpendicular bisector grids, since their properties simplify the discretized flow equations in reservoir simulations when compared to other types of unstructured meshes. Two main steps are critical to creating an unstructured reservoir model from a refined geological model: grid generation and upscaling of the reservoir properties. Most methods employed for both steps rely on information obtained from simulations using fine-scale meshes. Although this approach yields good results, it can be time-consuming and may be optimal only for the specified set of flow conditions. This work discusses the generation of unstructured grids and upscaling techniques that do not require any previous simulations. Instead, they are based only on reservoir property distributions and the location of discrete features such as wells and faults. The proposed grid generation strategy starts from a regular set of points and then redistributes them according to a previously defined spacing map. Two iterative redistribution algorithms based on physical models are presented, and several criteria for spacing maps are also investigated. Two upscaling algorithms for unstructured grids are proposed, based on the Cardwell and Parsons and renormalization techniques for structured meshes. Finally, representative examples are presented to demonstrate the capabilities and effectiveness of the proposed strategies.
2

Numerical Modeling of Fractured Shale-Gas and Tight-Gas Reservoirs Using Unstructured Grids

Olorode, Olufemi Morounfopefoluwa 2011 December 1900 (has links)
Various models featuring horizontal wells with multiple induced fractures have been proposed to characterize flow behavior over time in tight gas and shale gas systems. Currently, there is little consensus regarding the effects of non-ideal fracture geometries and coupled primary-secondary fracture interactions on reservoir performance in these unconventional gas reservoirs. This thesis provides a grid construction tool to generate high-resolution unstructured meshes using Voronoi grids, which provides the flexibility required to accurately represent complex geologic domains and fractures in three dimensions. Using these Voronoi grids, the interaction between propped hydraulic fractures and secondary "stress-release" fractures were evaluated. Additionally, various primary fracture configurations were examined, where the fractures may be non-planar or non-orthogonal. For this study, a numerical model was developed to assess the potential performance of tight gas and shale gas reservoirs. These simulations utilized up to a half-million grid-blocks and consider a period of up to 3,000 years in some cases. The aim is to provide very high-definition reference numerical solutions that will exhibit virtually all flow regimes we can expect in these unconventional gas reservoirs. The simulation results are analyzed to identify production signatures and flow regimes using diagnostic plots, and these interpretations are confirmed using pressure maps where useful. The coupled primary-secondary fracture systems with the largest fracture surface areas are shown to give the highest production in the traditional "linear flow" regime (which occurs for very high conductivity vertical fracture cases). The non-ideal hydraulic fracture geometries are shown to yield progressively lower production as the angularity of these fractures increases. Hence, to design optimum fracture completions, we should endeavor to keep the fractures as orthogonal to the horizontal well as possible. This work expands the current understanding of flow behavior in fractured tight-gas and shale-gas systems and may be used to optimize fracture and completion design, to validate analytical models and to facilitate more accurate reserves estimation.

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