Project Completion Report, OWRR Project No. A-011-ARIZ / Agreement No. 1071 / Project Dates: July 1967 - June 1969. / Acknowledgment - The work upon which this report is based was supported by funds provided by the United States Department of the Interior, Office of Water Resources Research, as authorized under the Water Resources Research Act of 1964. / The purpose of this investigation was to characterize salvageable water resources in the semi-arid Tucson basin and to evaluate appropriate treatment and control methods and management procedures for reuse of these salvageable waters. A preliminary inventory of salvageable water resources in the Tucson basin indicated a conservatively estimated annual total of 30,000 acre-feet available, as follows: municipal system effluents, 25,000 acre-feet; industrial cooling effluents, 1,000 acre-feet; urban runoff, 2,000 acre-feet; and industrial processing waters and other minor sources, 2,000 acre-feet per year. The City water utility has ample information on hand regarding quality of municipal effluents; data collected during this study are sufficient to define representative quality of industrial effluents; and presently developed processes evidently are adequate for the control and treatment of salvageable waters. However, little was known of the quality of urban runoff in this semi-arid environment, and efforts were directed toward exploratory sampling and analysis as indicators of potential problem areas in runoff quality. A ground-water recharge investigation at the Rillito Creek recharge site near Tucson produced a mathematical model which can be used to represent fluctuations of ground-water levels resulting from line-source recharge. Findings can be applied to alternative management schemes in the utilization or storage of salvaged waters. Initial formulation of management alternatives by examination of local salvaged-water subsystems appeared not to require elegant mathematical solution but rather an improved system framework defining community objectives and criteria for salvaged water allocation.

Municipal Source Water Protection Plans (SWPPs) are instituted in efforts to maintain and protect water quantity and quality. An integral part of a SWPP is the Source Water Monitoring Plan (SWMP). Without well defined metrics it is impossible to determine if a SWPP is effective and meeting its general goals of maintaining water quantity and quality. A 16 month intensive monitoring plan was implemented to examine how a SWMP should be structured and how acquired data needs to be analyzed in order to answer specific water quality questions that may be posed. This thesis demonstrates the temporal and spatial variability of water quality data and discusses the utilization of common water quality metrics. The importance of developing goals for SWMP is stressed as, due to the range of information that can be acquired from different sampling strategies, SWMPs need to be tailored to meet the goals of a monitoring program.

Water management is a critical issue around the world. In South Australia, and throughout Australia, demand for water has increased beyond the capacity of existing water supply systems. For this reason there is great interest in optimal management of water resources at both a national and local level. / In this thesis I discuss the capture and treatment of urban stormwater and suggest practical strategies for water storage in a sequence of dams. My primary motivation was a proposal for the capture, treatment and storage of all stormwater and wastewater on a new suburban housing estate at Mawson Lakes in South Australia, while minimising overflow. / A discrete state mathematical model for the management of water in a system of two connected dams is described in detail, through the use of stochastic matrices. I assume random inputs and regular demand. The system is controlled by pumping water from the first to the second dam. Only practical policies are considered. My initial analysis was restricted to a class of policies that depends only on the content of the first dam. The steady state of the system can be determined for each particular control policy. To determine the steady state I have used Gaussian elimination to reduce the problem of solving a large set of linear equations to a much smaller set. The steady state is an invariant measure that determines the long-term expected overflow. The systematic state reduction procedure subsequently allowed me to consider more complex policies that depend on the content of both dams. One such policy that I analyse in detail is to pump to fill the second dam. Though it is not yet proven this policy is possibly the optimal policy from among the classes considered. I also extend the discrete state model to a system of two connected dams with continuous input into the first dam. The stochastic matrices are replaced by integral operators on a space of bounded probability measures. / An alternative general analysis is described for the policy of pumping to fill the second dam. By using the characteristic pattern of the steady state equations I can define new variables and equations to reduce the problem to a much smaller system of equations. This method was also applied to policies in which I overfill or underfill the second dam. All three solutions are closely related. Yet another method uses a set of superstates. Each superstate is a set of states for which the particular control policy defines a common outcome. Once again the invariant measure is found by solving a reduced order matrix equation. I have also illustrated this method in a particular example. It is entirely possible that my various solution methodologies can be directly related. Although no analysis has yet been done further research into general reduction procedures would be certainly worthwhile. / For each class of controls a computer simulation was used to confirm the theoretical results. The simulation of the two dam system was extended to a system with many dams that is similar to the one proposed at Mawson Lakes. Future investigations include the development of mathematical models and theoretical solutions for the recently revised stormwater storage system at Mawson Lakes. / Thesis (PhDMathematics)--University of South Australia, 2004.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Texas A&M University, 2007. / "Major Subject: Water Management & Hydrological Science" Title from author supplied metadata (automated record created on Oct. 13, 2008.) Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

The objective of this study was to evaluate water conservation and water demand management in an industrialised City of uMhlathuze in Richards Bay. The City of uMhlathuze Local Municipality is the third-largest municipality in KwaZulu Natal (KZN) and is strategically placed to continue attracting investment as an aspirant metropolis due to the newly established Industrial Development Zone (IDZ) and the country's largest deep-water port. As an industrialised city, uMhlathuze's demand for water is already increasing and with the establishment of the IDZ, it is expected that water demand will escalate even further once the IDZ is fully operational. In line with the research question, this study has, therefore, sought to understand whether the industrialised City of uMhlathuze has developed and effectively implemented a water conservation and water demand management strategy and interventions in order to sustain water supply in anticipation of growing demand due to industrialisation and population growth. This objective was achieved by evaluating the city's current interventions and measures using a range of water conservation and water demand management solutions and guidelines. During this study, it was evident that the greatest threat facing South Africa's ambitious future economic growth, poverty alleviation and government's transformation agenda was the inefficient and unbalanced use of available and limited water resources. Thus, in order to avoid this imminent threat, the country as a whole must continuously reduce water consumption and demand from various sectors. This goal can be achieved through sustainable and improved water conservation and water demand management interventions. The study found that, in recent years, the issue of water scarcity had escalated in KZN. The province was in the grip of a drought, which was taking its toll on water supply in various municipalities around the province. The sparse rainfall in most parts of the province had caused the levels of rivers and dams to decrease to a point of crisis. Consequently, the KZN Provincial Government declared the province a disaster area in 2015. During the study, there was very little improvement as the City of uMhlathuze was still subjected to level 4 water restrictions. Evidently, the drought was intensifying the water problem in a municipality already grappling with poor and inadequate water infrastructure. A review of international and local literature was undertaken to theoretically position the objective of the research. An evaluation of the City of uMhlathuze water conservation and water demand management strategy and interventions was conducted using a questionnaire completed by city officials and part of the study included documentation review. This study investigated key elements of water conservation and demand management as well as interventions that were pertinent to achieving the desired outcome of efficient use of water. Respondents were required to answer questions focusing on several water conservation and water demand management related approaches and solutions. During the study, it was identified that there were inconsistencies in the implementation of water conservation and water demand management interventions even though the City of uMhlathuze had already taken the important step of developing a water conservation and water demand management strategy. It was recognised, however, that water conservation and water demand management remained relatively new for most municipalities. Consequently, it would take time for municipalities, together with communities, to implement effective interventions. The focus needs to be on the establishment of a combined team of staff and stakeholders, set up to finding solutions and interventions designed to maximise the most sustainable and efficient use of water. The conclusions drawn from this study and proposed recommendations indicated that wastewater reuse; pipe replacement; water pressure management; rainwater and stormwater harvesting; water sensitive urban design; leak detection and repair; joint planning and research team with the Industrial Development Zone; groundwater and aquifer recharge; stakeholder engagement, education and citizen awareness are feasible options for the City of uMhlathuze to consider in relation to water conservation and water demand management. These solutions should constitute the foundation of a revised and updated water conservation and water demand management strategy to be implemented incrementally with broad-based participation.

A key challenge facing developing countries is the rapid increases in urbanisation and the effect this has on their water systems. Water sensitive urban design (WSUD) is a process that considers the entire water system with the aim of achieving a water sensitive city (WSC). However, little is known about how value can be created through WSUD in terms of the sustainability of urban precincts in South Africa. The researcher therefore considered the well-established literature highlighting the relationship between WSUD and sustainable urban development. To understand the value derived from these concepts, two case studies were assessed, namely the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront (V&A Waterfront) and Century City. However, it should be highlighted that due to the uniqueness of these cases, no generalisations from the findings can be generated. The methodology implemented for the case studies was social constructivist in nature and to satisfy the research objectives, semi-structured interviews were conducted, documentary material was gathered, and photographic evidence was collected. Moreover, a diverse collection of data was assessed, which was extracted through various methods of data collection, thereby resulting in an in-depth understanding of the case studies. This research concludes there is a relationship between WSUD, sustainable urban development and value. It further argues that the underlying principles of facilities management (FM) and more specifically urban FM provide a managerial framework that can connect these concepts to achieve sustainability for urban precincts. Furthermore, the study uncovered the need for value capture mechanisms as a form of infrastructure financing and value creation for urban precincts. However, it was established that neither case study make use of such mechanisms, so future research is required in this regard.

The dramatic global trend of population growth has led to a rapid urbanisation, resulting in unprecedented land cover change. The incarnation of accompanying developed has typified impermeable surfaces. These surfaces have disconnected the stormwater component of the natural hydrological cycle, disregarding it as a nuisance and designing it to be rapidly removed from urban areas. Utilising Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) offers opportunities in urban areas to recycle the water and challenge the perception that stormwater is a nuisance and of no value. The current context of drought experienced by Cape Town has highlighted the need for less reliance on surface water resources; implementing SUDS could be a way of reconnecting the hydrological urban water cycle. It could also help to repair the human disconnect from nature that is prevalent in urban areas. The research question explored the role of spatial planning in enabling the implementation of SUDS in the City Bowl, Cape Town. While conceptual and technical frameworks have been developed for SUDS in South Africa, at present there is no spatial guide as to how these interventions could be realised in a specific context and area. This research utilise s the tools of spatial planning to re-imagine the City Bowl in relation to water. The case study methods used, enabling a detailed understanding of the site. This was complemented by interviews with various planning professionals in order to understand the current role spatial planning plays in terms of implementing SUDS. The research suggest is that whilst SUDS has many constraints, the opportunities that they provide for improving water quality and quantity, and surrounding amenities, suggests that this is one which has to be embraced if the City Bowl is going to respond innovatively and sustainably to the drought. It also highlights the need to improve coordination across different spheres and departments of governance, and emphasises the need to value local community knowledge. A prevalent silo approach to complex problems is no longer acceptable. The implications of the research are that implementing SUDS in the City Bowl requires planners to embrace a water literacy approach to spatial plans, and in doing so, return the focus to water