Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1966. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Tennessee Technological University, 2009. / Title from title page screen (viewed on June 29, 2010). Bibliography: leaves 59-60.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon Graduate Center, 1987.

No description available.

A Friction Stir Welding machine is proposed and built to allow future research into the process and to provide a framework from which the application of intelligent manufacturing to industrial processes can be investigated. Initially a literature survey was conducted upon which the design of the machine could be based. The conversion of a conventional milling machine into a Friction Stir Welding machine by applying modern monitoring and control systems is then presented. Complete digital control was used to drive actuators and monitor sensors. A wireless chuck mounted monitoring system was implemented, enabling forces, torques, temperature and speed of the tool to be obtained directly from the process. Software based on a hierarchical Open Systems Architectural design, incorporating modularity, interoperability, portability and extensibility is implemented. This experimental setup is used to analyze the Friction Stir Welding process by performing data analysis using statistical methods. Three independent variables (weld speed, spindle speed and plunge depth) were varied and the independent variables (forces, torques, power, temperature, speed, etc) recorded using the implemented software. The statistical analysis includes the analysis of variants, regression analysis and the creation of surface plots. Using these results, certain linguistic rules for process control are proposed. An intelligent controller is designed and discussed, using the derived rules to improve and optimize certain aspects of the process encountered during the experimental phase of the research.

The development of a CNC-based technology FSW machine to accurately produce friction stir weld samples that can be analyzed for research purposes is implemented and discussed. A process diagnosis and control scheme to improve the process monitoring and weld evaluation capabilities of an FSW machine are proposed and implemented. Basic CNC-based hardware implementation such as optical encoders and inverters for process control are explained and verified. The control scheme and framework of interfaces to the digital I/O cards for PC user interface are explained. An advanced monitoring system which senses process performance parameters such as tool temperature, 3-axis tool forces, torque and spindle speed are explained. Mechanical designs and manufacturing techniques such as tool, clamp and backing plate designs are explained and verified. The process parameters for quality optimization are investigated and optimized by making use of Correlation and Regression Analysis. The statistical data and analytical relationships between welding parameters (independent) and each of the performance parameters (dependent) are obtained and used to simulate the machining process. The weld research samples are tested for strength and integrity making use of various scientific testing techniques. The reliability of the samples are also evaluated and compared to that of other institutions. Process variables and the optimum operating range of the Friction Stir Welding machine is determined and a framework for further research into weld quality optimization is set.

This study develops and presents a friction stir weld (FSW) quality assurance tool based on control of weld zone temperature. Apart from correct tool geometry, tool tilt angle, traverse speed and forge force during welding, one important requirement is that the weld material be sufficiently plasticised (softened). The level of plasticisation is related to weld zone temperature which is primarily dependent on spindle speed, traverse speed and forge force. When all other conditions are correct, sufficiently plasticised material flows around and consolidates behind the tool without the production of voids in the weld. Typically, weld temperature varies along the weld length which may result in variations in weld quality. Weld zone temperature control makes constant weld zone temperature possible. In this study, thermocouple sensors were embedded in the FSW tool and a weld zone temperature control algorithm was developed. Spindle speed was the actuating mechanism for controlling weld temperature. The system was modelled and controllers were designed using Matlab tools. The system was simulated and the performance was compared to the system performance during welding. The control system ensures that the weld zone temperature can be maintained irrespective of the presence of thermal disturbances. Tensile testing was conducted which confirmed a range of temperature in which the welds resulted in consistent strength.

The remnant life monitoring of creep loaded high temperature and pressure components in power stations is critical to ensuring their safe and cost effective operation as failures can have severe consequences. Effective creep life condition monitoring allows for optimising component life predictions and subsequent plant maintenance decisions. In South Africa many power generation stations have been in operation well beyond their 30 year design service life, as such knowledge of the remnant creep life of high temperature and pressure components, such as steam pipelines, becomes of utmost importance. Techniques for the remnant creep life assessments of critical high temperature and pressure components must therefore be as effective as possible. The common and well accepted in-situ inspection technique for assessing creep damage in steam pipes is by the metallographic replication technique. The technique is however limited to the outer surface of the pipe, without information on damage within the wall. This research will illustrate a means of obtaining a sample for creep life analysis with depth through the wall of a pipe, as wells as an alternative technique for the repair of the sample retrieval site. A sample retrieval technique was developed that would retrieve a small diameter cylindrical sample from a cored blind hole for creep analysis by visual creep void assessment or by the small punch creep test. The small punch creep test requires only a small diameter thin disc of material for testing for which its results are comparable with conventional uniaxial creep testing which requires a much larger sample of material. The smaller sample requirement of the small punch creep test therefore allows for a vastly reduced invasive sample retrieval operation and consequently smaller repair size area. Also the fact that the sample is retrieved from a blind hole is advantageous since the pipe wall is not penetrated which would require full plant shutdown. A friction welding technique was identified as an alternative to traditional arc fusion welding for the repair of the sample retrieval site, this technique being the Friction Hydro Pillar Processing technique. Friction Hydro Pillar Processing is a solid-state welding technique and as such has a number of inherent benefits over arc fusion welding as the weld is performed below the melting temperature of the material. From a process point of view Friction Hydro Pillar Processing is ideally suited for automation, has virtually no fumes generated, minimal distortion is experienced and no spatter has to be removed afterwards. The technique has yet to see industrial application and as such development of suitable process parameters was undertaken. Finally, to apply the sample retrieval and repair operations in-situ to a steam pipe in a power plant suitable equipment was developed. Existing friction welding equipment is generally bulky workshop based equipment and is unsuitable for on-site work due to its size and weight. Therefore development of dedicated equipment was required to enable Friction Hydro Pillar Processing to be applied to steam pipes within a power plant environment.

Sliding shoulder friction stir welding (SSFSW) is an alternative joining technique to the conventional friction stir welding process. The welding mechanism comprises of a rotating probe and a non-rotating shoulder. The shoulder therefore does not contribute to any heat generation or plastic deformation. When welding thicker section material, the contribution of heat generation from the shoulder becomes less significant and most of the heat and plastic deformation must be generated by the tool probe. For this reason it was decided to develop the process for thick section AA6082-T6. Due to the stationary (non-rotating) shoulder the weld track is smooth and there is no reduction in cross-sectional area. This research is based on the development of a sliding shoulder friction stir welding tool with the ability to create joints of up to 25mm thick on aluminium alloy 6082-T6 plate as well as the associated process development. The sliding shoulder friction stir welding tool was designed, manufactured and tested by initially performing partial penetration welds with various size tool probes and then finally by performing a sliding shoulder friction stir butt weld on 25mm thick plate. As welds were performed and more knowledge gained about the process, design modifications were made. These included varying the clearance between the tool probe and stationary shoulder; the profile of the shoulder which contributes to material flow during the process; and supporting the tool probe to prevent deflection when welding thicker sections at high forge forces. From the sliding shoulder friction stir welds performed, an understanding of material flow during the process was gained when analysing the macro-sections and exit holes of the welds. Typical process forces and torques associated with the process were measured to assist with future head unit and tool designs with regard to sliding shoulder friction stir welding.

Friction welding has become an accepted method of joining many dissimilar materials and is now being extensively used in industry. Even though it is the single most versatile method of joining similar and dissimilar materials, there are still many more material combinations that cannot be welded by this process or which result in an unsatisfactory brittle weld. There are several applications for these materials in industry. The objective of this work was to overcome these 'no-weld' or 'brittle-weld' limitations. The proposed process involves introduction of a third element into the conventional two-element friction welding process. The third element used is a material which forms a good friction weld with both of the other two elements when welded separately. If the two parent materials are not compatible when they come into direct contact due to the formation of intermetallics and lack of conditions inducive to good bonding, the third element, which forms good welds with both of the parent parts, acts as a buffer between the other two. While keeping them apart, it forms a joint between the two incompatible parent materials. Among several probable candidates for intermediate materials, only a few meet the requirement that they create proper conditions for bonding. After a friction welding machine had been designed and built, it was successfully tested to weld both similar and dissimilar materials by both the conventional and the proposed three-element processes. Welds between compatible materials of high efficiency were obtained by the conventional process. For material combinations normally incompatible, joints were made possible with the aid of the intermediate elements. Various degrees of joint-strength depending upon the material combinations used were observed. The strength of the joints obtained between bronze and steel, for example, was increased by as much as 40% by using a copper interlayer. The welds were subjected to tensile tests. Microstructural examinations were conducted on the separated surfaces to determine the mode of failure. Electron micro-probe analyses were also conducted to determine if there were any diffusion of elements and/or formation of intermetallics. Quantitative analyses were also made on the diffused elements. Some hypotheses were put forward as to the conditions that dictate the joint strength obtained by the three-element process and also the requirements of materials which may perform adequately as intermediate materials. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mechanical Engineering, Department of / Graduate