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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Development of chemical process for synthesis of polyunsaturated esters / Desenvolvimento de processos quÃmicos para sÃntese de Ãsteres poli-insaturados

Vera LÃcia Viana do Nascimento 05 December 2014 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / This work aimed to develop refining processes, chemical alcoholysis followed by separation of fatty acids using the complexation with urea technique for the synthesis of poly-unsaturated esters from waste of fish oils. The special crude fish oil was purchased from Company Campestre - SÃo Paulo. Initially this oil has undergone a process of physical and chemical refining. From the refined oil, an alcoholysis process was carried out to obtain the mixture of free fatty acids. From the hydrolyzed material were obtained 32.78% p/p of PUFAs against 19.73% p/p of ω-3 concentrates. The free fatty acids were separated using the complexation with urea technique. The best operating conditions for separation of the fatty acids was: ratio 7:1 (urea / oil) and the crystallization temperature at -23ÂC for a time of 20 hours. After treatment of the material, the total PUFAs production was 47.87%, a ω-3 concentration of 27.59% with a saturated fraction of 4.48%. When the temperature was raised to -10ÂC, the PUFAs production was halved, reaching the value of 28.08% and 25.49% of ω-3 which was slightly altered and a saturated fraction of 42.44%. For the ester synthesis was mounted a statistical factor of two levels in order to determine the parameters which optimized the process. In the synthesis phase, the combination of temperature, glycerin concentration and catalyst was significant, and it was observed a greater influence of the glycerin concentration due to the excessive use of glycerin to favor the formation of the ester. After the analysis of the kinetic results was observed that the interactions temperature-glycerin and temperature-glycerin-catalyst were not significant (below 95%). The response interaction graphic showed the least free fatty acids index after one hour of reaction, and that the greater interaction was glycerin (5%)-catalyst (3%). It was concluded that the yields to obtain the polyunsaturated ω-3 and ω -6 from the waste of fish oil were satisfactory (85,3%). Therefore, it is concluded that it is feasible the synthesis of polyunsaturated esters of marine oils from fish waste, because this technology provides important results to avoid environmental impacts, reduce imports of fish oils and, consequently, reduce improper fishing. The aquaculture industry may be stocked with diets enriched with EPA and DHA for shrimp and fish farming, besides contributing to supply ω-3 for nutraceutical purposes. / Este trabalho teve o objetivo de desenvolver os processos de refino, alcoÃlise quÃmica seguida da separaÃÃo dos Ãcidos graxos utilizando a tÃcnica da complexaÃÃo com urÃia para a sÃntese de Ãsteres poli-insaturados a partir de resÃduos de Ãleos de pescado. O Ãleo bruto especial de peixe foi adquirido da Empresa Campestre â SÃo Paulo. Inicialmente este Ãleo sofreu um processo de refino fÃsico e quÃmico. A partir do Ãleo refinado, foi realizado um processo de alcoÃlise para se obter a mistura de Ãcidos graxos livres. Do material hidrolisado, foram obtidos 32,78% p/p de PUFAs contra 19,73% p/p de concentrados de ω-3. Os Ãcidos graxos livres foram separados utilizando-se a tÃcnica da complexaÃÃo com urÃia. As melhores condiÃÃes operacionais para separaÃÃo dos Ãcidos graxos foram: a relaÃÃo 7:1 (urÃia/Ãleo) e a temperatura de cristalizaÃÃo a -23ÂC por um tempo de 20 horas. ApÃs o tratamento do material, a produÃÃo total de PUFAs foi de 47,87%, uma concentraÃÃo de ω-3 de 27,59% com uma fraÃÃo saturada de 4,48%. Quando se elevou a temperatura para -10ÂC, a produÃÃo de PUFAs reduziu pela metade, atingindo o valor de 28,08% e 25,49% de ω-3, que pouco foi alterada e uma fraÃÃo de saturados de 42,44%. Para a sÃntese do Ãster de glicerina foi montado um fatorial estatÃstico de dois nÃveis a fim de se determinar os parÃmetros que otimizaram o processo. Na fase de sÃntese, a conjugaÃÃo de temperatura, concentraÃÃo de glicerina e catalisador foram significantes, tendo sido observado uma maior influÃncia da concentraÃÃo de glicerina, em virtude do uso excessivo de glicerina para favorecer a formaÃÃo do Ãster. ApÃs as anÃlises dos resultados cinÃticos, foi observado que as interaÃÃes temperatura-glicerina e temperatura-glicerina-catalisador nÃo foram significantes (abaixo de 95%). O grÃfico da interaÃÃo para resposta mostrou o menor Ãndice de Ãcidos graxos livres apÃs uma hora de reaÃÃo, e que a maior interaÃÃo foi glicerina (5%)-catalisador (3%). Foi concluÃdo que os rendimentos para obtenÃÃo dos poli-insaturados ω-3 e ω -6 dos resÃduos de Ãleo de pescado foram satisfatÃrios (85,3%). Conclui-se, portanto, que à viÃvel a sÃntese de Ãsteres poli-insaturados de Ãleos marinhos a partir de rejeitos de pescados, pois esta tecnologia proporciona resultados importantes para evitar impactos ambientais, diminuir as importaÃÃes de Ãleos de peixe e, consequentemente, reduzir a pesca indevida. O setor aquÃcola poderà ser abastecido com raÃÃes enriquecidas com EPA e DHA para camarÃes e peixes de cultivo, alÃm de contribuir para oferta de ω-3 para fins nutracÃuticos.

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