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Les intégrines sont des protéines transmembranaires, formées d’une sous-unité α et d’une sous-unité β, qui sont impliquées dans de nombreuses caractéristiques du cancer. Mes travaux de thèses ont montré que l’axe intégrine α5β1/AKT est impliqué dans la résistance à l’apoptose des cellules de glioblastome et dans leur migration. L’inhibition fonctionnelle de l’intégrine α5β1 associée à la réactivation de p53 sensibilise les cellules de glioblastome à l’apoptose. Mes résultats ont mis en évidence que les protéines anti-apoptotiques PEA-15 et Survivine sont deux intervenants majeurs dans cette résistance à l’apoptose. La migration dépendante de l’intégrine α5β1 implique la β-caténine. Les résultats obtenus par ce travail de thèse, donnent, par conséquent, des arguments supplémentaires en faveur de l’implication de l’intégrine α5β1 dans l’agressivité des glioblastomes. Ces résultats permettent également de proposer de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques ainsi que des biomarqueurs pertinents pour stratifier les patients potentiellement répondeurs à une stratégie anti-intégrine. / Integrins are αβ membrane localised protein heterodimers involved in numerous hallmarks of cancer. My PhD thesis showed that the integrin α5β1/AKT axis is implicated in glioblastoma cells resistance to apoptosis and migration. The inhibition of α5β1 integrin oncogenic pathway sensitizes glioma cells to p53-reactivation dependent apoptotic cues. My results showed that PEA-15 and Survivin are two anti-apoptotic proteins involved in the resistance to apoptosis. α5β1 integrin dependent migration involves the β-catenin pathway. My results confirm that α5β1 integrin has to be considered as an important player in glioblastoma aggressiveness and resistance to therapy. The results of my thesis also suggest new therapeutic targets and pertinent biomarkers for glioblastoma patient stratification.

Les intégrines, protéines transmembranaires hétérodimériques de type αβ, sont impliquées dans un grand nombre de phénomènes physiologiques et pathologiques. L’intégrine α5β1 est considérée à l’heure actuelle comme une cible thérapeutique pertinente en oncologie, en particulier pour le traitement des glioblastomes. Ces tumeurs cérébrales très agressives résistent aux traitements actuels, en partie par leur capacité à envahir le tissu cérébral sain. Nos résultats mettent en évidence, in vitro, le rôle de l’intégrine α5β1 dans la migration de cellules de glioblastome. Ils ont permis également de caractériser les effets inhibiteurs de la migration d’antagonistes sélectifs de l’intégrine α5β1 non reproduits par des antagonistes de l’intégrine αvβ3. Pour caractériser des antagonistes originaux de l’intégrine α5β1, nous avons combiné des techniques in silico et un test fonctionnel de migration in vitro. Cette démarche a permis la sélection de 3 molécules intéressantes, antagonistes allostériques de l’intégrine α5β1, se démarquant des antagonistes de référence par leur capacité à inhiber la migration cellulaire sans affecter la liaison du ligand endogène de l’intégrine, la fibronectine. / Integrins are αβ heterodimeric transmembrane proteins implicated in various physiological and pathological processes. Currently, α5β1 integrin is considered as a relevant therapeutic target in oncology, particularly for the treatment of glioblastomas. These highly aggressive brain tumours are resistant to current therapies, notably by their ability to invade healthy brain tissues. Our results highlight the role of the α5β1 integrin in the in vitro migration of glioblastoma cells. We characterized the inhibitory effects of selective α5β1 integrin antagonists in cell migration, which are not reproduced by αVβ3 integrin antagonists. To identify original and selective α5β1 integrin antagonists, we combined in silico screening and in vitro functional cell migration assays. This allowed the selection of 3 interesting molecules, behaving as allosteric α5β1 integrin antagonists. Contrarily to known α5β1 antagonists, our three hits inhibit cell migration without interfering with the binding of fibronectin, the endogenous ligand of this integrin.

Stroke is the 5th leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability in the United States, but there are only two available therapies, tissue plasminogen activator and endovascular thrombectomy. As both therapies focus on removal of the clot, the subsequent pathologic processes, i.e. inflammation, cerebrovascular breakdown, ATP depletion, etc. are left untreated, contributing to worsened patient outcome. Many clinical trials have unsuccessfully attempted to address these mechanisms. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), a system of non-fenestrated endothelial cells, extracellular matrix, and astrocytic endfeet, is significantly impacted after ischemic stroke in its role of preventing the free movement of proteins from the blood into the brain. In fact, BBB dysfunction is viewed as one of the major facilitators of damage following ischemic stroke, leading to increased infarct volumes and worsened patient outcomes. Interestingly, a family of endothelial integrins, the b1 integrins, have been shown to regulate tight junction proteins preventing the free movement of molecules. When expression of the tight junctions are decreased, this results in increased BBB permeability. To test this concept, our laboratory has previously shown the knockout of the particular β1 integrin, α5β1, is neuroprotective following ischemic stroke through BBB stabilization. To determine if therapeutically targeting integrin a5b1 was feasible, we first determined if brain integrin a5b1 expression increases after experimental mouse ischemic stroke model, specifically tandem/transient common carotid artery/middle cerebral artery occlusion. We found that integrin a5b1 does increase acutely, by post-stroke day (PSD)2, and continued in an exponential fashion through PSD4. Next, we determined if integrin a5b1 was therapeutically accessible by systemic treatment (i.e. intraperitoneal or intravenous) by being located on the inside (luminal surface) of vasculature. We found that location of integrin a5b1 was dependent on the area relative to the stroke injury. The core, or area of direct impact, demonstrated expression of integrin a5b1 on the outside vasculature (abluminal surface), while per-infarct expression was localized to the lumen. Lastly, to determine the activity of integrin a5b1 following ischemic stroke, we showed that the potential ligands (binding partners), plasma fibronectin, fibrinogen, and amyloid-b, do not bind integrin a5b1 after ischemic stroke. Next, we determined the therapeutic potential of targeting integrin a5b1 with the small peptide, ATN-161. ATN-161 has undergone clinical trials in solid tumors, with limited side effects reported. First, we determined that intraperitoneal (IP) injection of ATN-161 was safe after ischemic stroke, showing no changes in heart rate, pulse distention (blood pressure), or body temperature. Next, we found that IP administration of ATN-161 after experimental ischemic stroke reduced infarct volumes, edema, and functional deficit. Furthermore, these results were due to reduction of BBB permeability and anti-inflammatory effects. Interestingly, ATN-161 reduced cytokine production, prevented leukocyte infiltration, and leukocyte recruitment. Collectively, these results suggest that targeting integrin a5b1 with ATN-161 is 1) feasible, 2) safe and 3) effective, suggesting that ATN-161 may be a novel therapeutic treatment for ischemic stroke.