Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:45:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Trierveiler Anselmo.pdf: 9979848 bytes, checksum: 860bb544a69cc5a636999f5a0f91c142 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Simulator Didactics of Accommodation of the Human Eye is a set of activities that have as objective facilitate the teaching-learning process on optics and, especially, on the process of human accommodation. The educational product explores concepts of geometrical optics (light rays and refraction) in the paraxial approximation and its applications to spherical lenses. Didactic simulator was built with a flexible lens, produced with a latex-made male condom filled with water. Its spherical shape, with a diameter of approximately , was compared with the theoretical model of the “ball lens”. We have experimentally determined its focal length ( and compared it with the corresponding theoretical value, obtaining a accuracy. The flexibility feature of this lens gives the possibility to simulate the accommodation process of the eye in two different situations: for diverging and parallel light beams, corresponding to objects near and far from the observer, respectively. These concepts were addressed in the educational spirit of the meaningful learning of David Ausubel. It has been proposed 4 lesson plans from the previous organizers (taught in 8 lessons), 1 lesson plan for application of the didactic simulator (3 lessons) and 2 meetings for application and discussion of the questionnaires (2 lessons), summing up 13 classes. We have used several resources: lectures, computer simulators, construction of one darkroom, dissection of the bull's-eye and a experimental apparatus produced by students. Adding to other support materials, these instruments facilitated the learning of content offered and the better understanding of the students. This is proven by the results obtained in 42 questionnaires applied. Of these, 24 were before and 18 after the application of the project. There has been an increase of ~200% in the number of hits in the second stage. The proposal has been applied in a class of 39 students, where we had a meaningful learning of over of the class. One should stress also the impact on students, who were more willing to learn, requiring better quality lessons, both in content and evaluation of them. / Esta dissertação descreve um conjunto de atividades realizadas com o objetivo de facilitar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem sobre a óptica e, principalmente, da acomodação do cristalino humano. O produto educacional gerado, chamado de Simulador Didático da Acomodação do Cristalino do Olho Humano, explora conceitos de óptica geométrica (raio de luz e refração) dentro da aproximação paraxial e suas aplicações em lentes esféricas. Para isso foi construído um aparato com uma lente flexível, produzida com preservativo masculino feito de látex preenchido com água. O seu formato esférico, com diâmetro de aproximadamente , foi comparado com o modelo teórico das “ball lens”. Determinamos experimentalmente sua distância focal ( que, comparado com seu valor teórico, tem uma acurácia de . Por ser flexível, foi possível simular o processo de acomodação do cristalino em dois casos: para feixes de luz divergentes e paralelos, simulando situações com objetos próximos e distantes do observador, respectivamente. Estes conceitos foram abordados conforme a concepção educacional da aprendizagem significativa de David Ausubel. Foram propostos quatro planos de aulas de organizadores prévios (ministrado em oito aulas), um plano de aula de aplicação do simulador didático (três aulas) e dois momentos para aplicação e discussão dos questionários (duas aulas), totalizando 13 aulas. Utilizou-se variados recursos: aulas expositivas, simuladores computacionais, construção de câmara escura, dissecação do olho de boi e aparatos experimentais produzidos pelos alunos. Aliados a materiais de apoio, esses instrumentos facilitaram a aprendizagem dos conteúdos ministrados e o melhor entendimento dos alunos. Isso é comprovado pelos resultados obtidos em 42 questionários aplicados. Destes, 24 foram antes e 18 depois da aplicação do projeto. Houve um aumento de ~200% no número de acertos na segunda etapa. A proposta foi aplicada em uma turma de 39 alunos, onde obtivemos uma aprendizagem significativa de mais da classe. A ressaltar, também o impacto nos alunos, que se mostraram mais dispostos a aprenderem, exigindo aulas de melhor qualidade, tanto na exposição do conteúdo como na avaliação.

In this thesis, we analyze the simplest optical imaging system: a ball lens. The traditional method of using a geometric optics analysis on an optical system only gives the roughest qualitative solution due to the lack of consideration of wave properties. Therefore, for accurate quantitative results, we need to analyze said system with a complete wave theory approach. The reason that we chose a ball lens as the focus of this research is due to its spherical symmetry properties which allows us to rigorously investigate it with different analytic methods. We will apply geometric optics, Fourier optics, scalar wave optics, and electromagnetic optics methods to compute the point spread functions (PSF) of a ball lens under the assumption that the point source is isotropic. We will follow up by predicting the spot sizes that correspond to each mean. First, with geometric optics (GO), we apply the analytic ray tracing method to correlate the origins of light rays passing through the ball lens to their respective positions on the receptive end. We can then evaluate the energy distribution function by gathering the density of rays on image plane. Second, in the theory of Fourier optics (FO), to obtain the analytic formula of the point spread function, the integral kernel can be approximated as the Fresnel integral kernel by means of paraxial approximation. Compared to GO, the results from FO are superior due to the inclusion of wave characteristics. Furthermore, we consider scalar wave optics by directly solving the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation which the scalar light field should satisfy. However, the light field is not assigned to an exact physical meaning in the theory of scalar wave optics, so we reasonably require boundary conditions where the light field function and its first derivative are continuous everywhere on the surface of ball lens. Finally, in the theory of electromagnetic optics (EMO), we consider the polarization of the point source, and the two kinds of Hertz vectors and , both of which satisfy inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation, and are derived from Maxwell¡¦s equations in spherical structures. In contrast with the scalar wave optics, the two Hertz vectors are defined concretely thus allowing us to assign exact boundary conditions on the interface. Then the fields corresponding to and are averaged as the final point spread function.