Typescript, etc. / Digitized by Kansas State University Libraries

Typescript, etc.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1934 E51

Typescript, etc. / Digitized by Kansas State University Libraries

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis consists of four chapters that present research findings on Colletotrichum diseases associated with Proteaceae worldwide. The first chapter is a review of literature regarding the taxonomy and histology of Colletotrichum species associated with Proteaceae. The literature is not restricted to Proteaceae hosts, as information regarding Colletotrichum on Proteaceae is very limited. In chapter two, Colletotrichum spp. associated with proteaceous hosts growing in various parts of the world were identified based on morphology, sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-I, ITS-2), the 5.8S gene, and partial sequences of the B-tubulin gene. Four species of Colletotrichum were associated with Proteaceae. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was isolated from Protea cynaroides cultivated in South Africa and Zimbabwe and from a Leucospermum sp. in Portugal, but is known to occur worldwide on numerous hosts. A recently described species, C. boninense, was associated with Zimbabwean and Australian Proteaceae, but also occurred on a Eucalyptus sp. in South Africa. This represents a major geographical and host extension for the species, and a description of the African strains is provided. Colletotrichum crassipes was represented by a single isolate obtained from a Dryandra plant in Madeira. Colletotrichum acutatum was isolated from Protea and Leucadendron in South Africa as well as from other proteaceous hosts occurring elsewhere. Colletotrichum acutatum f. sp. hakea was isolated from Hakea in South Africa. In chapter three, pathogenicity of these Colletotrichum species to certain proteas was established, relative aggressiveness of the different species tested and host response to them were compared as well as the effect that wounding had on host response. From the results obtained it is concluded that C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides are the primary pathogens associated with Colletotrichum leaf necrosis, and C. acutatum is the main cause of anthracnose and stem necrosis of Proteaceae in South Africa. A histological study was performed in chapter four in response to the findings from the previous chapter. The behaviour of two C. acutatum isolates (one originating from Protea and the other from Hakea, C. acuataum f.sp. hakea) was studied on inoculated Protea leaf surfaces using light and scanning electron microscopy. Colletotrichum acutatum from Protea formed melanised appressoria on the leaf surface, whereas C. acutatum from Hakea formed very low numbers of both melanised and unmelanised appressoria. Most of the appressoria formed by C. acutatum from Protea were formed on the cell junctions and on the periclinal walls of the epidermal cells. From this study it is clear that C. acutatum f. sp. hakea is not a pathogen of Protea. Consequently the current use of this isolate as a biological control agent of Hakea in South Africa poses no threat to indigenous Protea species. Colletotrichum acutatum from Protea (although closely related to C. acutatum f. sp. hakea), is a pathogen of Protea, which was confirmed by histological observations. In conclusion, the present study has shown that several species of Colletotrichum are associated with diseased Proteaceae. These species differed in their pathogenicity and aggressiveness when inoculated onto certain protea cultivars. These differences could be partially explained by examining the behaviour of C. acutatum on the leaf surface. It is clear, however, that the distribution of the different species, their aggressrveness on different Proteaceae and their modes of infection needs to be investigated further. This work provides a basis for future research on the long-term effective management of these pathogens in fynbos production. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis bestaan uit vier hoofstukke wat handeloor navorsing van Colletotrichum siektes van Proteaceae wêreldwyd. Die eerste hoofstuk is 'n oorsig van literatuur rakende die taksonomie en histologie van die Colletotrichum spesies wat met Proteaceae geassosieer word. Die literatuur oorsig is nie beperk tot die Proteaceae nie aangesien baie min inligting rakende Colletotrichum op Proteaceae bestaan. In die tweede hoofstuk word die Colletotrichum spesies wat met proteas in verskeie dele van die wêreld geassosieer word, op grond van morfologie, DNS volgorde data van die interne getranskribeerde spasieerder area ("ITS-I, ITS-2"), die 5.8S geen, en gedeeltelike DNS volgordes van die B-tubulin geen geïdentifiseer. Vier Colletotrichum spesies is met die Proteaceae geassosieer. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is geïsoleer vanaf Protea cynaroides wat in Suid-Afrika en Zimbabwe gekweek is en vanaf 'n Leucospermum sp. in Portugal, maar is bekend op verskeie gashere wêreldwyd. 'n Spesie wat onlangs beskryf is, C. boninense, is met Zimbabwiese en Australiaanse Proteaceae geassosieer, maar kom ook op 'n Eucalyptus sp. in Suid-Afrika voor. Dit is 'n groot uitbreiding van die geografiese voorkoms en gasheerreeks van hierdie spesie en 'n beskrywing van die Afrikaanse rasse word gegee. Colletotrichum crassipes is verteenwoordig deur 'n enkele isolaat wat vanaf 'n Dryandra plant in Madeira verkry is. Colletotrichum acutatum is vanaf Protea en Leucadendron in Suid-Afrika asook vanaf ander proteas wat elders voorkom, geïsoleer. Colletotrichum acutatum f. sp. hakea is vanaf Hakea in Suid-Afrika geïsoleer. In hoofstuk drie is die patogenisiteit van hierdie Colletotrichum spesies teenoor sekere proteas getoets, die relatiewe aggressiwiteit van die verskillende spesies is vergelyk, asook die gasheer se reaksie teenoor die spesies en die effek wat verwonding op die gasheer gehad het. Daar kan afgelei word vanaf die resultate dat C. acutatum en C. gloeosporioides die primêre patogene is wat met Colletotrichum blaarnekrose geassosieer word, en dat C. acutatum die hoof oorsaak is van antraknose en lootnekrose van Proteaceae in Suid-Afrika. 'n Histologiese studie is in hoofstuk vier uitgevoer in reaksie op die bevindings van die vorige hoofstuk. Die gedrag van twee C. acutatum isolate (een vanaf Protea en die ander vanaf Hakea, C. acutatum f.sp. hakea) op die oppervlaktes van geïnokuleerde Protea blare is bestudeer deur gebruik te maak van lig- en skandeer-elektronmikroskopie. Colletotrichum acutatum vanaf Protea vorm gemelaniseerde appressoria op die blaaroppervlak, terwyl C. acutatum vanaf Hakea klein hoeveelhede van beide gemelaniseerde en ongemelaniseerde appressoria vorm. Meeste van die appressoria wat deur C. acutatum vanaf Protea gevorm word, vorm op die aanhegtingspunte tussen selle en op die periklinale wande van die epidermale selle. Vanuit hierdie studie is dit duidelik dat C. acutatum f. sp. hakea nie 'n patogeen van Protea is nie. Gevolglik hou die huidige gebruik van hierdie isolaat as biologiese beheer agent van Hakea in Suid-Afrika geen gevaar in vir inheemse Protea spesies nie. Colletotrichum acutatum vanaf Protea (alhoewel dit naverwant is aan C. acutatum f. sp. hakea) is 'n patogeen van Protea en hierdie stelling is ook bevestig deur histologiese waarnemmgs. Ter samevatting het hierdie studie getoon dat verskeie Colletotrichum spesies geassosieer word met siektes van Proteaceae. Hierdie spesies het van mekaar verskil rakende patogenisiteit en aggressiwiteit nadat hulle op sekere protea kultivars geïnokuleer is. Hierdie verskille kon gedeeltelik verklaar word deur die gedrag van C. acutatum op die blaaroppervlaktes van verskillende protea kultivars. Dit is duidelik dat die verspreiding van die verskillende spesies, hulle aggressiwiteit op verskillende Proteaceae en hul infeksie metodes verder ondersoek moet word. Hierdie studie verskaf 'n basis vir toekomstige navorsing rakende lang-termyn effektiewe bestuur van hierdie patogene in fynbos aanplantings.

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5 pp. / Withdrawn 7/09

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