This study examines recommendations regarding what children need from their fathers at various ages and what men can do to help their children with those needs. Data collected in this study do not support recommendations as they appear in the conceptual ethic of Generative Fathering (Dollahite & Hawkins, 1998). However, trends in the data suggest that, across the lifespan, children have a primary need for overt displays of love and nurturing. There is evidence that young children need their fathers to be physically present. Young children also seem to need support and acceptance from their fathers, though how exactly fathers demonstrate that support and acceptance might change as the child develops. The data suggest that as the child transitions out of childhood and into adolescence and adulthood, the need for physical presence diminishes and the needs for support and acceptance, and advice and guidance emerge as more primary. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

Objective: to examine the effects of work on health and pyschosocial status among boys aged 10-16 years in Jordan. Study design: This is a comparative cross-sectional study, comparing working and non-working with respect to health and psycho-social outcomes, taking account of confounding due socio-economical factors. Results. Bivariate analysis showed that child's work was a strong significant predictor for eight z score, height z score, PCV, morbidity, skinfold thickness percentile and PEFR. This significant effect persisted in the full regression models after controlling for socio-economic and smoking status. Working children had significant lower weight z score (B=-0.31), height z score (B=-0.51), PCV (B=-2.96), skinfold thickness percentile (B=-6.85) compared to non-working subjects. Pyschosocial score tended to be reduced by 13 points (better pyschosocial status) when the child was non-working (B=-12.7). The significant negative relationship between work and PEFR in the bivariate model disappeared in the full regression model. In multiple regression modelling work status explained 3% of the 6.5% of variance explained in the weight z-score model, 6.7% of 9.8% for height z-score, 12.5% of 14.9% for PCV, 15% of 21% for skinfold thickness, 115 of 24% for PEFR, 9.4% of 30.9% for morbidity and 46% of 50% for pyschosocial status. Mean height and weight z-scores and packed cell volume among working children were significantly lower than those of their siblings; 5% and 9.6% of working children respectively were wasted and stunted (z score<-2 SD) compared to none of the siblings. No statistically significant correlation was also found between weight z-scores, height z-scores, packed cell volume and skinfold thickness of siblings and the proportion of household income contributed by the working child. Duration of work, child's monthly income, household per capita income and maternal height, were significant predictors of the growth of working children expressed by weight and height z score.

Weight monitoring is an integral part of routine community child health care in the United Kingdom. An intensive focus on fluctuations in charted weight of young babies has been charged by some breastfeeding advocates with undermining continued breastfeeding. Concern has also been expressed by clinicians and women about the applicability of current growth charts to breastfed babies - a concern echoed by the World Health Organisation. This ethnographic study involved two phases. Six months' participant observation in a child health clinic in the Northwest of England was followed by longitudinal interviews with 14 breastfeeding women. Equal numbers of first and second-time mothers were included; they were interviewed two to three times in the first six months. Data were analysed using grounded theory, allowing an in-depth examination of the lived experiences of weighing and how these shaped on-going feeding decisions and the course of breastfeeding. Weighing babies was the major focus of clinic visits for women and for health visitors. Interactions centred on the concern that the baby's weight should 'follow the line' of the centiles on the chart. Mothers and health visitors also collaborated in efforts to achieve prescriptive routines of baby feeding and sleeping. Breastfeeding was treated as a milk production system, and required to measure up. If weight gain caused concern a variety of strategies were used, including formula supplements and 'worrying'. Techniques to improve the physical effectiveness of breastfeeding were not part of the routine approach to any feeding difficulty on the part of either mothers or health visitors. Using anthropological theory, the character of weighing as a ritual occasion is explored. Weighing sessions are shown to provide occasions to mark the rite of passage through the liminal time of early motherhood. Building on the observation of this ritual experience, it is suggested that the experience of breastfeeding is 'even more liminal', as our society treats formula feeding routines and growth as the implied norm for infants. Weight gain which conforms to chart centiles has become the measure and arbiter of breastfeeding adequacy. Minor fluctuations in weight were treated as potentially serious threats to infant health, while the maintenance of breastfeeding was considered secondary. Recommendations are offered for improving the practical conduct of routine weight monitoring to improve its ability to identify growth which should genuinely spark concern. At the same time, the need for rituals to ease women through their early months of motherhood and the experience of breastfeeding is highlighted. Currently breastfeeding as a method of feeding milk to babies is poorly supported with suggestions for improving physical effectiveness, while at the same time, breastfeeding as a social practice is pushed to the margins of normal everyday experience. This lived dilemma for women and the health visitors who support them deserves attention at national policy level and serious consideration in overall planning of services.

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Thesis (MPsych(Clin))--University of South Australia, 1999

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2007. / "May, 2007." Includes bibliographical references (leaf 21). Online version available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Toronto, 2004. / Adviser: Jennifer Jenkins.