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This study reviews the literature and updates qualitative and quantitative impacts based on new research and applies a partial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions cost benefit analysis to the Three Gorges Dam Project (TGDP) in China. The results of CBA suggested a 22.305 billion dollars net present value (using Nordhaus’s 2007 optimal carbon price trajectory with assumed average social discount rate (SDR) of 4% assumptions) and a 440.324 billion dollars net present value (based on Nordhaus’s Model using Stern’s assumption with 1% SDR). This sensitivity analysis indicates that social discount rates highly affect the final results. This study extends the GHG emissions impact component by updating carbon prices and calculation methods, thereby updating the GHG component of Morimoto and Hope’s 2004 study. Although the CBA is limited to the GHG component, a review of recent literature and preliminary impact analysis provides the groundwork for a more comprehensive analysis for future study.

Introduction: This study compared societal costs of care between two settings of palliative care delivery and death (home versus hospital) in an integrated palliative care program in Toronto. Methods: 186 terminal cancer patients participated in the study. Total societal cost of end-of-life care was compared between patients who died in the home and patients who died in the hospital. Total societal cost of end-of-life care was modeled as a function of the number of days the patients spent at home during the palliative trajectory. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in total cost of end-of-life care between home death and hospital death patients (p>0.05). Furthermore, an additional day the patient spent at home led to a significant increase in the total cost of end-of-life care (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results demonstrated that from a societal perspective, providing palliative care under an integrated palliative care program at home may be just as expensive (if not more expensive) as caring for them in the hospital.

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Introduction: This study compared societal costs of care between two settings of palliative care delivery and death (home versus hospital) in an integrated palliative care program in Toronto. Methods: 186 terminal cancer patients participated in the study. Total societal cost of end-of-life care was compared between patients who died in the home and patients who died in the hospital. Total societal cost of end-of-life care was modeled as a function of the number of days the patients spent at home during the palliative trajectory. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in total cost of end-of-life care between home death and hospital death patients (p>0.05). Furthermore, an additional day the patient spent at home led to a significant increase in the total cost of end-of-life care (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results demonstrated that from a societal perspective, providing palliative care under an integrated palliative care program at home may be just as expensive (if not more expensive) as caring for them in the hospital.

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Fibre sourcing is a critical strategic question for all sawmills and pulpmills, but the degree of supply integration though long-term contracts and forest ownership varies widely. The purpose of this research was to investigate the extent to which forest-mill integration patterns can be explained by the transaction cost economics (TCE) theory. TCE theory holds that organizations will choose transaction governance forms that minimize transaction costs. The TCE factors expected to influence that choice can be grouped into three categories; transaction frequency, market uncertainty, and asset specificity. Interviews with various industry representatives suggested that factors from all three categories are relevant to the question of forest-mill integration. A survey was conducted of mills in New Zealand and Sweden, providing data on their supply mix and various TCE factors. Of an estimated population of approximately 450 mills, 136 mills were sampled and 88 responded to the survey. Fractional logit models were developed to explore the factors that may influence the integration decision. Considerable evidence was found for the importance of TCE factors in driving fibre supply integration. The evidence was strongest for factors related to asset specificity, including forest owner concentration and the specificity of a mill's fibre requirements. Transaction frequency appears less important; while integration was found to be significantly associated with the number of mills an organisation has within the supply basin, the influence of mill capacity was found to vary. There was weak evidence for the importance of uncertainty, and perhaps only through the impact of forest owner concentration on market conduct. Integration was found significantly higher for pulpmills than sawmills, and higher in Sweden than in New Zealand. The latter result is difficult to explain by TCE theory, and suggests that non-TCE factors play a significant role. Survey responses also indicated that non-TCE factors are important. Further research is required to enlarge the sample size and better understand the role of TCE factors in forest-mill integration.