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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

法人的刑事責任 / Corporate Criminal Liability

魏平政 Unknown Date (has links)
法人為民法所創造之主體,故對於權利義務及行為能力有其侷限性,在刑事不法領域中,更因為罪責原則的要求,法人能否成為刑事犯罪的主體,學理上具有爭議。有學者堅持刑事法學原理而排斥之;亦有學者以務實的說理過程肯定之,因而出現了學理上對於法人犯罪能力之有無的兩方見解。據此,本文擬以肯定見解及否定見解的文獻歸納中,觀察我國學者對於法人犯罪能力的討論有何變化及研究重心有何不同,作為本研究之基石。 本文先介紹法人的起源與功能及意涵,另就法人犯罪之原因與類型(法人領導階層的個人犯罪行為或者透過法人整體的犯罪)一併探討。並從犯罪學角度切入,找出發生法人犯罪的原因,再利用法人犯罪的成因,檢討對法人的制裁是否真的能夠有效消除法人犯罪。其次,整理學說關於法人犯罪能力肯否兩說之論點,進一步瞭解重要爭點之所在,然後討論對於法人之處罰方式,以刑罰來威嚇一個沒有反省能力的組織,是否可達到一般預防之預期目標,處罰法人雖然是有目的,但是否存有實益?法人處罰無法用傳統生命刑與自由刑,多半還是以罰金,但這樣跟傳統行政罰似乎並無不同,為何要特別藉助刑罰?基此,本文亦回顧檢視刑事制裁之歷史手段,然後討論刑事制裁手段是否真的能威懾法人犯罪?可否考慮其他制裁手段?再從法律經濟學家角度檢視刑事制裁手段是否真能抑制法人犯罪?最後,藉由我國實務見解與英、美、及大陸法系主要國家立法例之比較與實施之得失後,進而從刑法中指導性原則下觀察法人刑事責任之必要性。 綜上可知,我國目前實務對於法人之刑事責任之作法,有以下爭議問題亟待解決:一、法人與自然人有別,如何一體適用刑法?二、難以突破自己責任原則。三、附屬刑法處罰法人,恐會紊亂刑法之理論體系。本文將綜合全部論述,針對此爭議,提出一解決辦法,作為我國未來修法之參考及建議。
2

企業不端行為與避稅天堂的關聯 / Corporate wrongdoing and tax havens

張瑋芩, Chang, Wei Chin Unknown Date (has links)
隨著2016年巴拿馬文件(Panama Paper)的曝光,社會對避稅天堂的關注度在此時達到高峰。由於使用避稅天堂是一種法律及道德上處於灰色地帶的商業手段,因此本研究欲探討是否具有不端行為的企業會較容易使用避稅天堂。過去研究指出,一間具有不端行為而導致形象轉為負面的企業,會因此失去商譽、銷售下跌或失去合作夥伴等。而為了挽救上述影響所帶來的損失,有過不端行為的企業有較高機會再次利用具有爭議性的方法來彌補虧損。由於避稅天堂通常具有低稅率或完全免稅的特徵,也具有極高的資訊隱蔽性,因此面臨經營困難的企業可以容易利用避稅天堂來降低交易成本,如匯集資金、避稅,甚至用來隱藏賄賂等不法行為。 本研究採用台灣上市公司做為樣本,進行量化實證分析,結果顯示,企業不端行為件數、勞資關係不端行為件數及企業犯罪件數皆與企業到避稅天堂設立的子公司數呈現正向關係。曾具有勞資關係不端行為的企業,設立在避稅天堂的子公司數愈多,尤其是經主管機關處以罰鍰的企業,與避稅天堂的關聯性也愈高。 / The public’s concern about tax havens has peaked as the leak of “Panama Papers.” Since setting up subsidiaries in tax havens is an ethically dubious and controversial business practice, this study would like to examine whether there is a relationship between corporate wrongdoing and the usage of tax havens. Prior studies have shown that corporate wrongdoing would lead to impairment in goodwill, reduction in sales or losing partnership. In order to recover from the losses occur from the effects mentioned above, companies would have a higher incentive to involve in controversial behaviors. Tax haven, with its unique characteristic such as extremely low tax rate or tax free, and a high degree of concealment regarding sharing information with other governments, enables companies to avoid some market transaction costs and gives them an opportunity to easily pool money, evade tax, and even hide illegal conducts such as bribery. This study uses a quantitative method to investigate on listed companies in Taiwan. The result shows that the amount of corporate wrongdoing, labor related misbehavior and illegal corporate behavior all have a positive relationship with the possibility that corporates use tax haven. Also, corporates, which have past records in labor related dispute, tend to set up more subsidiaries in tax havens; especially those fined by the authorities.

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