This study examines the effects of market concentration on firm-level productivity using data on Chinese above-scale industrial firms from 2001 to 2007. Productivity is identified as total factor productivity (TFP) and estimated using the Olley-Pakes three-step estimation in order to avoid simultaneity and selection biases. Using data on around 590,000 industrial firms, empirical results indicate that the less concentrated the market, the higher the productivity generally. However, a few industries are identified to have opposite direction; that is, the more concentrated, the more productive are the firms. In some industries, there is no significant relationship between market concentration and firm productivity.