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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

注意力在概念性內隱記憶扮演角色的探討

許清雄 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要是探討注意力在概念性內隱記憶扮演的角色。遷移—適當歷程(TAP)認為概念性歷程需要注意力資源來幫助記憶表現,因此概念性內隱記憶會受到分配性注意力的影響,使概念性促發效果減少。但TAP仍受到許多的質疑,顯示概念性促發與注意力有更複雜的關係。本研究檢驗TAP在概念性內隱記憶作業的限制,並以“項目特殊性與相關性歷程”和“競爭性與非競爭性接觸歷程”來延伸TAP的觀點。本研究將分別檢驗在登錄和反應階段的一些不同情況,對注意力在概念性內隱記憶作業的影響。實驗一和實驗二操弄登錄處理變項,使用項目特殊性與項目相關性登錄處理來檢驗兩種不同的項目訊息所造成的影響。實驗三和實驗四操弄線索與反應聯想詞間的強弱關聯程度,探討注意力在字彙聯想作業的角色。在測驗階段是使用「歷程分離程序」(PDP)和「測驗後分離法」(PTP),估計導致反應的意識“ Pc ”和無意識記憶“ Pu ”的機率值。並進一步比較兩種方法所得到的結果。 實驗一的類別—正例產生作業統計分析結果顯示,使用PDP法來進行測驗的結果發現,分配性注意力只影響“Pc”的機率值,但不影響“Pu”的機率值。實驗二使用PTP法的結果發現,分配性注意力只會影響在項目特殊性情況產生的“Pu”和“Pc”的機率值;但對項目相關性情況的“Pu”和“Pc”並沒有任何影響。實驗三的字彙聯想作業統計分析結果顯示,使用PDP法來進行測驗的結果發現,分配性注意力只在強關聯情況下影響“Pc”,但不影響“Pu”的機率值。實驗四使用PTP法的結果發現,分配性注意力在強關聯和弱關聯兩種都會影響“Pu “和“Pc”的機率值。 綜合本研究結果,在實驗二使用PTP法發現,在項目特殊性的情況操弄分配性注意力會影響意識記憶和無意識記憶的表現,但在項目相關性的登錄方式下並沒有顯著的分配憶注意力效果。此結果顯示,注意力與概念性促發效果間有更複雜的關係,符合“項目特殊性與項目相關性登錄歷程”的預測。在實驗三使用PDP法所得的結果顯示,只有在強關聯的情況,在Pc上有分配性注意力的單純主要效果,結果並不支持TAP或競爭與非競爭接觸歷程的觀點。而使用PTP法所得結果發現,不管在強弱關聯情況,分配性注意力會影響無意識估計值Pu和意識估計值Pc,此結果顯示,注意力會影響概念性促發效果,並不會因為強弱關聯程度的不同而有所差異,並不符合競爭與非競爭接觸歷程的觀點,但仍然可用“項目特殊性與項目相關性”的觀點加以解釋。
2

物體輪廓診斷性對形式內促發與跨形式促發之影響 / The effect of object contour diagnosticity on within-modal and cross-modal priming

王林宇, Linyu Lennel Wang Unknown Date (has links)
每個人遇到曾經看過的物體時,辨識該物體速度會增加(或辨識的正確率增加),這個現象稱為促發(priming)效果(簡稱P-P促發),同樣地,閱讀某物體的名稱(亦即文字)後,隔幾分鐘後再看該物體的圖形,這樣也會產生一種促發量(簡稱W-P促發)。許多研究都指出W-P促發是一種內隱(implicit)記憶,亦即,個體不需要刻意想起曾經看過的物件,促發效果仍會產生,而且P-P促發量都高於W-P促發量。然而,一些研究卻發現W-P促發量等於P-P促發量,顯然地,內隱記憶理論無法對於這種反直覺現象提出合理的解釋。 根據Paivio的雙重收錄理論(dual coding theory)(Paivio, 1986, 1991),辨識具體(concrete)名詞(例如,物體的名稱)會同時觸及(access)或激發兩種知識表徵,一種是涉及左腦的口語(verbal)表徵,另一種是涉及左腦與右腦的影像(image)表徵,而許多神經語言學研究皆指出,涉及處理具體名詞的神經機制不只包含左腦,同時也包含右腦,是以,閱讀具體名詞可能會觸及或激發物體的內在表徵,如果物體輪廓相當獨特或明顯,那麼閱讀此類型物體之名稱可能會觸及或激發此類物體的完整或重要表徵,致使W-P促發量等於P-P促發量現象。因此本研究試圖操弄物體輪廓診斷性來解釋W-P促發量等於P-P促發量之現象。 實驗一與實驗二分別以「圖形唸名」以及「圖形知覺辨識作業」來檢驗「物體輪廓診斷性」對促發的影響,結果顯示,「整體診斷性不高」物體(globally non-diagnostic object,簡稱GN類物體)的P-P促發量高於W-P促發量,和先前許多研究結果一致,然而,「整體診斷性高」物體(globally diagnostic object,簡稱GD類物體)的W-P促發量等於P-P促發量,顯示「物體輪廓診斷性」會影響促發的表現,同時也顯示閱讀GD類物體名稱可以觸及或激發GD類物體的整體或必要的知識表徵。 實驗三以分視野(divided visual field)呈現方式檢驗GD類物體的W-P促發之腦側化現象。本研究發現,顯著的W-P促發只出現在右腦,顯示W-P促發主要經由右腦來處理,根據Paivio的雙重收錄理論來推論,W-P促發之本質可能主要涉及以影像為基礎的(image-based)的知識表徵。 本研究同時操弄外顯記憶以檢驗外顯記憶是否污染W-P促發而導致W-P促發量等於P-P促發量,結果顯示,不管哪一種物體,P-P情境的再認記憶表現都顯著比W-P情境好,顯示GD類物體的促發表現與外顯記憶表現之間有單一分離(single dissociation)的關係,換言之,GD類物體之W-P促發並不受外顯記憶影響或污染。此外,實驗四顯示刻意的心像策略並不涉及W-P促發,顯示閱讀GD類物體名稱觸及GD類物體概念表徵是一種自動化而且相當快速的歷程。 / Implicit memory is usually assessed by showing repetition priming effects, when better performance in accuracy or response time for stimuli that have been previously encountered in comparison with performance with new stimuli. Picture-naming priming has been examined in studies that compared priming in participants who named pictures in the study phase and named those same pictures in the test phase (P-P condition) versus participants who read words that were the names of pictures in the study phase and named pictures cor-responding to those words in the test phase (W-P condition). Many studies demonstrated W-P priming is less than P-P priming in the picture-naming task and other similar object recognition tasks. However, in sharp contrast to the above studies, some studies reported equivalent magnitudes of P-P and W-P naming priming. Theories of implicit memory cannot account for the counter-intuitive phenomenon. According to Paivio’s dual-coding theory, the processing of abstract nouns (e.g., justice) relies on verbal code representations of the left cerebral hemisphere only, whereas concrete nouns (e.g., airplane) additionally access a second image-based processing system in the right cerebral hemisphere (Paivio, 1986, 1991). Paivio’s theory is supported by many researches on neurolinguistics. If the contour of an object is very distinctive or diagnostic, there should be the possible result that reading the name of the distinctive objects could access the whole or essential representation of the object. Following the idea, I manipulated global diagnosticity of object contour to examine whether P-P priming is always larger than W-P priming. I found P-P priming was equivalent to W-P priming on “globally diagnostic” (GD) objects, but the P-P priming was still larger than W-P priming on “glob-ally non-diagnostic” (GN) objects. This phenomenon appeared on both pic-ture-naming (Experiment 1) and picture perceptual-identification (Experiment 2) tasks. Experiment 3 showed that significant W-P priming appeared only when GD objects in the test phase were presented to the right cerebral hemi-sphere (in the left visual field). Based on the Paivio’s dual coding theory (Paivio, 1986, 1991) and research on neurolinguistics, the nature of W-P priming for GD objects was inferred to be image-based processing. Better explicit (conscious) memory performance (recognition memory) in P-P condition than that in W-P condition showed that equivalent priming across P-P and W-P conditions on GD objects was dissociated from the influence of conscious recognition memory. Experiment 4 showed that the intentional strategy of generating mental imagery was not necessarily involved in the W-P priming. These results suggested that reading names of globally diagnostic objects can access, automatically and unconsciously, the representation or essential features of globally diagnostic objects, and right cerebral hemisphere might be responsible for the processing.

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