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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

修勻與小區域人口之研究 / A Study of smoothing methods for small area population

金碩, Jin, Shuoh Unknown Date (has links)
由於誤差與人口數成反比,資料多寡影響統計分析的穩定性及可靠性,因此常用於推估大區域人口的方法,往往無法直接套用至縣市及其以下層級,尤其當小區域內部地理、社會或經濟的異質性偏高時,人口推估將更為棘手。本文以兩個面向對臺灣小區域人口進行探討:其一、臺灣人口結構漸趨老化,勢必牽動政府政策與資源分配,且臺灣各縣市的人口老化速度不一,有必要針對各地特性發展適當的小區域人口推估方法;其二、因為壽命延長,全球皆面臨長壽風險(Longevity Risk)的挑戰,包括政府退休金制度規劃、壽險保費釐定等,由於臺灣各地死亡率變化不盡相同,發展小區域死亡率模型也是迫切課題。 小區域推估面臨的問題大致可歸納為四個方向:「資料品質」、「地區人數」、「資料年數」與「推估年數」,資料品質有賴資料庫與制度的建立,關於後三個問題,本文引進修勻(Smoothing, Graduation)等方法來提高小區域推估及小區域死亡模型的穩定性。人口推估方面結合修勻與區塊拔靴法(Block Bootstrap),死亡率模型的建構則將修勻加入Lee-Carter與Age-Period-Cohort模型。由於小區域人口數較少,本文透過標準死亡比(Standard Mortality Ratio)及大區域與小區域間的連貫(Coherence),將大區域的訊息加入小區域,降低因為地區人數較少引起的震盪。 小區域推估通常可用的資料時間較短,未來推估結果的震盪也較大,本文針對需要過去幾年資料,以及未來可推估年數等因素進行研究,希冀結果可提供臺灣各地方政府的推估參考。研究發現,參考大區域訊息有穩定推估的效果,修勻有助於降低推估誤差;另外,在小區域推估中,如有過去十五年資料可獲得較可靠的推估結果,而未來推估年數盡量不超過二十年,若地區人數過少則建議合併其他區域增加資料量後再行推估;先經過修勻而得出的死亡率模型,其效果和較為複雜的連貫模型修正相當。 / The population size plays a very important role in statistical estimation, and it is difficult to derive a reliable estimation for small areas. The estimation is even more difficult if the geographic and social attributes within the small areas vary widely. However, although the population aging and longevity risk are common phenomenon in the world, the problem is not the same for different countries. The aim of this study is to explore the population projection and mortality models for small areas, with the consideration of the small area’s distinguishing characteristic. The difficulties for small area population projection can be attributed into four directions: data quality, population size, number of base years, and projection horizon. The data quality is beyond the discussion of this study and the main focus shall be laid on the other three issues. The smoothing methods and coherent models will be applied to improve the stability and accuracy of small area estimation. In the study, the block bootstrap and the smoothing methods are combined to project the population to the small areas in Taiwan. Besides, the Lee-Cater and the age-period-cohort model are extended by the smoothing and coherent methods. We found that the smoothing methods can reduce the fluctuation of estimation and projection in general, and the improvement is especially noticeable for areas with smaller population sizes. To obtain a reliable population projection for small areas, we suggest using at least fifteen-year of historical data for projection and a projection horizon not more than twenty years. Also, for developing mortality models for small areas, we found that the smoothing methods have similar effects than those methods using more complicated models, such as the coherent models.
2

小區域死亡率模型的探討 / A Study of Small Area Mortality Models

林志軒 Unknown Date (has links)
壽命延長及生育率下降使得人口老化日益明顯,成為全球多數國家在21世紀必須面對的議題,由於各區域人口老化的速度不同,必須根據各地特性而調整因應對策。其中研究死亡率變化為面對人口老化的必備課題,尤其是高齡族群的死亡率,這也是近年高齡死亡模型廣受重視的主因之一。因為樣本數與變異數成反比,人口較少的區域或是高齡人口,死亡率的觀察值通常會有較大震盪,為了降低震盪多半會經過修勻,以取得較為穩定的死亡率推估值(王信忠等人,2012)。此外,Li and Lee (2005)的Coherent Lee-Carter模型也是另一種可行方法,透過參考大區域的資訊降低小區域的估計誤差。 本文探討結合上述修勻、死亡率模型的可能,希冀能綜合兩者的優點,提高小區域死亡率推估的精確性。因為Coherent Lee-Carter模型的想法類似增加小區域的人數(加入大區域的人數),本文探討人口數與Lee-Carter模型參數估計值的關係,再以修勻調整大小區域的差異,透過電腦模擬及資料分析,驗證本文提出方法是否有效。其中,仿造王信忠等人的作法,假設小區域與大區域死亡率間的七種可能情境,以平均絕對百分誤差(Mean Absolute Percentage Error)為衡量標準,找出調整修勻、相關模型的方法。另外,本文也以臺灣縣市為研究區域,驗證本文方法的估計結果。研究發現適當地使用修勻方法,可降低小區域的死亡率估計值,其效果優於Coherent Lee-Carter模型。

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