Goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus), were used in the study of rates of regeneration in all possible combinations of caudal, dorsal, left pectoral, and right pectoral fin amputations. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effects of multiple injuries on rates of regeneration, to determine rates of regeneration in different fins, to test the hypothesis that rates of regeneration decrease from the proximal to the distal areas of a fin, and to determine the presence or absence of morphogenetic gradients in fin regeneration. In almost all cases, no significant differences in total regeneration were found to occur when the total regeneration in a particular single cut was compared to the total regeneration which occurred in the same cut on a multiple cut fish. Analysis of variance indicated that significant differences between total regeneration in different fins occurred during the ten week test period. Duncan's multiple range test indicated significant differences occurred between the total regeneration in the caudal fin cuts and the total regeneration in all other cuts in the one through ten week periods. In only the one, two and eight week periods were significant differences found to have occurred between the dorsal and either the left pectoral or the right pectoral cuts. In all other test periods no significant differences were found to have occurred among these cuts. Graphs of average total regeneration showed that in each of the four fins, rates of regeneration decreased from the proximal to the distal areas of the fin. Slopes of these curves indicated that regeneration in the caudal fin had not yet reached completion while restoration of amputated tissue in the dorsal and pectoral fins was completed or was nearing completion. Consideration was given to a possible controlling mechanism for varying regeneration rates within the same fins and in different fins. It was suggested that a dual hormonal-nervous system mechanism involving varying numbers of receptor sites within the same fin and among different fins was responsible. The available information seems to indicate that a morphogenetic gradient within an entire fin or occurring from one portion of the body to another and affecting fin regeneration does not exist.

The ichthyofauna of the Barren River tailwater was studied from October 1979 to August 1980 to determine seasonal occurrences and movement patterns in relation to discharges from Barren River Lake. Thirteen families and 38 species were represented in the 15,408 fish captured. The season in which the greatest number of fish was captured was winter (7,731) with the highest monthly total occurring in February (5,159). These large totals resulted mostly from the presence of small gizzard shad. The greatest number of fish per kilometer of river sampled occurred in spring just below the dam at River Kilometer 127. Of the 15,408 fish captured, 4,505 were tagged. Only 86 recaptures were recorded; thus, no conclusive statement can be made regarding fish movement patterns. The number of fish captured was significantly related to water temperature but not to discharge from the dam. Numbers captured were inversely related to temperature.

Tartaric acid accumulation in fermentation broth of Gluconobacter suboxydans was investigated qualitatively with paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. Comparisons were made using six different solvent systems and four different chemical indicators commonly used in chromatography. Attempts were made to establish a routine method for quantitative analysis of tartaric acid. Spectrophotometry was used to detect possible metabolites resulting from glucose oxidation by G. suboxydans in different analytical separations. A combined method of ion-exchange column chromatography and paper chromatography followed by ammonium meta-vanadate spectrophotometric analysis differentiated 5-oxogluconic acid and tartaric acid and thus gave better quantitative results in the determination of tartaric acid from fermentation broths.

The metabolism of glucose to 5-oxogluconate by Gluconobacter oxydans subsp. suboxydans (Gluconobacter suboxydans) at different pH values, glucose concentrations and phosphate buffer concentrations was studied. Bacterial growth, gluconic acid accumulation and 5-oxogluconate production were related to both pH and phosphate buffer concentration in the medium. In media containing 2-3% glucose, 0.3% yeast extract and 0.3 M phosphate buffer, the optimal pH range for the bacterial growth was pH 6.4-7.0; the optimal pH range for gluconate production was pH 6.4-6.8; and the optimal pH range for 5-oxogluconate production was pH 6.6-7.0. Lowering the pH to 6.4 favored gluconate accumulation from glucose; an increase in pH after maximum gluconate accumulation increased the yield of 5-oxogluconate from gluconate. A medium with the initial pH below pH 3.5 or above pH 7.5 slowed the metabolic rate of the bacteria. An increase in phosphate buffer over 0.3 M decreased the metabolic rate of the cells. The calculated weight-yield of 5-oxogluconate using 2.0% glucose, 0.3% yeast extract, 0.3 M phosphate, pH 6.75 was approximately 60%.

The nutritional conditions which permit maximum yield of trans-2,3- epoxysuccinic acid by Paecilomyces varioti NPRL 1123 were investigated. Copper and iron ions were added to decationized fermentation media to determine the optimum concentration and ratio of the ions for the accumulation of trans-2,3-epoxysuccinic arid. P-vitamin and amino acid studies were done by single omission of the growth factors in culture media. Organic acids in the cultures were recovered by ether extraction and identified by gas chromatography. In addition to t-ans-2,3-epoxysuccinic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid were also found in culture filtrates. The results indicated that with a copper-iron ion ratio and concentration of 1 mM:2 mM, there was a maximum yield of trans-2,3-epoxysuccinic acid while the growth of the fungus was slightly inhibited. Deficiencies in biotin, thiamine, glutamic acic, cystine, aspartic acid, or histidine had marked effects on the production of trans-2,3-epoxvsuccinic acid but not on fungal growth.

An X-ray diffraction powder photograph shows a series of lines for each of which a measurement can be made and transformed into the interplanar d value (15). Lines were obtained by the analysis of precipitates from BP plates, but no lines could be obtained from the precipitate collected from SeEy plates even when the sample was exposed to the X-rays for a 20-hr period. The lines from the tellurite sample provided d values that corresponded to neither any known tellurium compound nor to elemental tellurium. These results do not agree with those of many investigators (1, 6, 11, 19, 22) who were able to identify the reduced products produced by microorganisms grown in the presence of tellurite and selenite as being metallic tellurium and selenium. X-ray emission analysis was performed to determine if any selenium or tellurium products had actually been taken up by the bacterial cells. Peaks were obtained for selenium as shown in Figure 2. This demonstrated that seleniun is present in the precipitate obtained from disrupted cells of S. aureus is. 523 grown on SeEy medium. X-ray emission analysis of tellurite product could not conclusively prove that tellurium was in the precipitate since the tellurium peaks were so small that they could not be separated from the background scattering. X-ray emission-semiquantitative analysis was performed on the tellurite product. At TeKα the number of counts per second was 566; at TeKα +0.5 degrees, 548; and at TeKα -0.5 degrees, 552. This indicates a trace amount of tellurium. Although these results did not identify the selenite and tellurite precipitates as t: whether they were organic or inorganic forms, they did establish that the red precipitate was composed of some form(s) of selenium, and the black precipitate was composed of some form(s) of tellurium.

Hemoglobin Zurich is a rare blood condition which causes severe rupturing of erythrocytes upon the administration of sulfonamides. Hemoglobin Zurich is caused by a specific genetic mutation in which there is a single amino acid (histidine) substituted for arginine at position 63 in the beta chain of hemoglobin molecules [β 63 Histidine --> Arginine]. In this study, the membrane proteins of Hemoglobin Zurich erythrocytes were compared to membrane proteins from normal human erythrocytes employing sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and visualized by periodic-acid Schiff (PAS) and DZANDU staining. No differences were detected employing these techniques. DNA was isolated from leucocytes of a Hemoglobin Zurich individual, amplified and subsequently seque-Iced by the dideoxynucleotide method. The actual mutation was identified as a substitution of a G at base 188 of the coding region for an A.

Information on family size, sex ratio, and sex by order of birth was obtained from a sample of students at Western Kentucky University during the 1968-69 school year. Participants were white Americans coming primarily from Central Kentucky. Data were obtained on the immediate, maternal, and paternal families from 1,018 students. Sex ratios for the immediate and parental generations were 101.2 and 103.3, respectively. The overall sex ratio for the study was 102.7. These ratios did not differ significantly from he reported secondary sex ratio of 106 in the United States. Correlation coefficients were computed between the sexes of various children within families for the immediate generation. A significant positive correlation was found between the sex of child one and two in families of two or more children. The overall correlation between sexes in successive births was also significant. Correlation coefficients between the sexes of children separated by one, two, or three births were not significant. For complete families of size two, a negative correlation existed between the sexes. This correlation indicated that more families stopped having children when ii both sexes were present in their offspring. The observed combination of sexes within each family did not differ significantly from the expected.

The experimental procedure described in this thesis consisted of a quanitative lipid analysis, a standard measurement of oxygen consumption, and determinations of fresh liver weight, and total body weight. The lipid analysis involved tissue extraction in a Soxlet apparatus (Rawat and Roy, 1958). The oxygen consumption measurements were made using a small animal respirometer, and fresh liver weights and total body weights were determined with an Ainsworth-Type-I0N analytical balance.

NADP+-dependent 5-ketogluconate reductase (D-Gluconate:NADP+ oxidoreductase; E.C.I.I.I.69.) of Gluconoacter suboxydans was examined and determined to be constitutive in nature. Crude, cell -free enzyme extracts were prepared by sonication of cells grown on 2.0'% glucose and 2.0% ethanol in various experiments. The specific activity of 5-ketogluconate reductase in the crude enzyme extracts of cells grown under various conditions was determined. The specific activity remained relatively constant strongly indicating the constitutive nature of the enzyme.