No description available.

Trust is a good approach to explain the functioning of markets, institutions or society as a whole. It is a key element in almost every commercial transaction over time and might be one of the main explanations of economic success and development. Trust diminishes the more we perceive others to have economically different living realities. In most of the relevant contributions, scholars have taken a macro perspective on the inequality-trust linkage, with an aggregation of both trust and inequality on a country level. However, patterns of within-country inequality and possibly influential determinants, such as perception and socioeconomic reference, remained undetected. This paper offers the opportunity to look at the interplay between inequality and trust at a more refined level. A measure of (generalized) trust emerges from ESS 5 survey which asks "...generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted, or that you can't be too careful in dealing with people?". With the use of 2009 EU-SILC data, measurements of income inequality are developed for age-specific groups of society in 22 countries. A sizable variation in inequality measures can be noticed. Even in low inequality countries, like Sweden, income imbalances within certain age groups have the potential to undermine social trust.

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Cajati, onde o tratamento é realizado por lagoas de estabilização com sistema australiano. Em amostragens de variação nictemeral e sazonal, observou-se estratificação térmica nas duas lagoas, sendo que esta foi mais acentuada em abril. Em todos os períodos, a coluna de água esteve homogênea às 2h e 8h e estratificada às 14h e 20h. A estratificação térmica resultou na estratificação química (pH e oxigênio dissolvido), sendo que ambas as lagoas foram divididas em dois compartimentos: superior, com maiores temperaturas, pH e oxigênio dissolvido, e outro inferior, com comportamento contrário. A lagoa anaeróbia apresentou concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido de aproximadamente 10,0 mg/L, o que resulta em funcionamento inadequado também foi confirmado pelos resultados de clorofila nesta lagoa, que foram semelhantes aos da facultativa e atingiram até 3,5x\'10 POT.3\' \'mü\'g/L em abril e julho. Além disso, as concentrações de nutrientes e coliformes foram baixas no afluente bruto em relação às obtidas na literatura. Os valores de pH estiveram altos para lagoas de estabilização, com máxima de 12,17 em janeiro. Apenas em abril, o pH esteve menor (6,84-9,86), condizente com a literatura e adequado para fermentação anaeróbia. O menor pH e maiores temperaturas obtidos em abril resultaram em melhores eficiências de redução que nos outros períodos. As estimativas de vazão e carga orgânica revelaram que a ETE vem operando abaixo da carga prevista, o que pode influenciar na eficiência do sistema, pois este não terá tempo suficiente para formar comunidade microbiana estável. Não foi possível observar variabilidade vertical padrão das biomoléculas proteínas, carboidratos e lipídeos, nem ao longo do sistema. Observou-se heterogeneidade espacial e vertical entre as concentrações de nitrogênio e fósforo em todo sistema, onde alguns processos puderam ser identificados e estes foram influenciados por temperatura, pH e oxigênio dissolvido. Houve predomínio de cianobactéria (Synechocystis sp) na ETE Cajati, seguido de clorofícea (Chlorella kessleri). Em ambas as lagoas, o predomínio foi de Eubactéria com baixas concentrações de Arquéias. O efluente final esteve de acordo com os padrões de lançamento de efluentes estabelecidos na Resolução CONAMA 357/2005. / This research was developed in the Cajati wastewater treatment plant, where the treatment is carried through by stabilization ponds with australian system. In samplings of nictemeral and seasonal variation, thermal stratification in the two ponds was observed, and this was more accented in April. In all the periods, the water column was homogeneous at 2 a.m. and 8 a.m. and stratified at 2 p.m. and 8 p.m. Thermal stratification resulted in chemical stratification (pH and dissolved oxygen) and both the ponds had been divided into two compartments: superior, with higher temperatures, pH and dissolved oxygen, and another inferior, to the contrary behavior. The anaerobic pond presented concentrations of dissolved oxygen of approximately 10,0 mg/L that results in functioning inadequate confirmed by the results of chlorophyll in this pond. The anaerobic pond had been similar to the facultative one, which had reached 3,5 x \'10 POT.3\' \'mü\'g/L in April and July. Moreover, the concentrations of nutrients and coliforms had been low in the raw affluent in relation to those described in literature. The pH values had been high for stabilization ponds, with maximum of 12,17 in January. In April, pH was minor (6,84-9,86), according to literature and for anaerobic fermentation. The minor pH and greater temperature taken in April had resulted in better efficiencies of reduction that in the other periods. The estimates of outflow and organic load had disclosed that the plant is operating below the design load, which can influence the efficiency of the system, therefore it will not have enough time to form steady microbial community. Vertical and spatial variability was not observed for proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Vertical and spatial heterogeneity was observed in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, where some processes could have been identified and these had been influenced by temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. There were predominance of Cyanobacteria (Synechocystis sp) followed by Chlorophycea (Chlorella kessleri). In both ponds, there was predominance of Eubacteria with low concentrations of Archeae. The final effluent was in accordance with the established standards of discharge of effluent - Resolution CONAMA 357/2005.

This thesis examines the differences of experiences in working-class and middleclass women's lives due to childhood gender-role socialization and current situations in their lives. The purpose of the study is to examine how past and present experiences influenced four groups of women in making career decisions: 1) owners of nontraditional (male-type) businesses, 2) owners of traditional (female-type) businesses, 3) non-owners of nontraditional (male-type) businesses, and 4) non-owners of traditional (female-type) businesses. Both social and cognitive processes were examined for clues. In-depth interviews were conducted with a total of twenty women to examine their Childhood and current experiences of gender socialization. The women were chosen on the basis of their current occupation. Questions were designed to elicit descriptions of respondents' experiences regarding: 1) common interactions with siblings, friends, parents, and teachers (significant others); 2) messages about careers and educational options from significant others; 3) messages about motherhood from significant others; 4) gender stereotyped actions from significant others; 5) role models; 6) parental education and occupational training; 7) current social networks; 8) how the respondent became interested in her career; 9) respondents' work experiences and educational levels; and 10) major influences on respondents' occupational choices. The socialization approach was used to analyze and explain how these women's experiences affected their career choices. In addition symbolic interactionism and a middle-range theory called habitus and field by Pierre Bourdieu were used. It was found that women who are from the working class experience a cumulative disadvantage due to an internalized scheme through which their values are filtered. In addition, the opportunity structure is not as developed for working-class women as it is for women who are considered middle class (based on their occupation). Business owners were found to have many shared experiences which were not common to the other category of women. The first is that most business owners turned out to have been raised by parents with liberal gender-role attitudes. As a result, most reported that motherhood was not an assumed fact for their lives. When motherhood is not assumed, girls feel less pressure to prioritize marriage and family above a career. In addition, eight out of ten business owners had parents who actively encouraged Achievement values. All ten business owners learned to set long-term goals as children, and most had nontraditional hobbies. Nine out of ten business owners, as opposed to four out of ten non-business owners, had parents who actively supported their hobbies. Also, the majority of business owners, as children, had known and admired at least one person who had an interesting career. The non-business owners and the women who are in traditional occupations are cumulatively disadvantaged as regards their ability to make a completely free choice regarding a career. During childhood they received more messages that might have led them to assume that motherhood must take priority over career plans; they experienced fewer nontraditional hobbies and less parental support regarding long-term goals; they had less exposure to women in nontraditional careers or to women who were business owners; they had less assistance planning a career; and their parents provided fewer achievement-oriented activities and were less likely to interact with them on a regular basis. Thus far during adulthood they have experienced less support for their career goals; they experience less autonomy, flexibility, and creativity on the job, and they are likely to feel less confident about financial planning and their own leadership ability: Over all, they have lower self-confidence than business owners and women in nontraditional careers.

It is frequently stated that higher education is our nation’s greatest vehicle for social mobility. But despite the dramatic expansion of the postsecondary system since the 1940s, social mobility rates have remained stagnant and significant socioeconomic disparities in college attainment have persisted. Three explanations of this phenomenon appear most prominently in the literature. The first is that low-SES students are significantly less likely to be academically prepared for college. The second is that, even when college-ready, low-SES students are more likely to attend less selective or lower quality postsecondary institutions, decreasing their odds of attainment. The third is that socioeconomic background may exert an independent effect on the likelihood of postsecondary success, independent of background ability and institutional quality. Although each explanation is supported empirically, thus far limited attempts have been made to determine how these three factors interact across educational transitions. The purpose of this study is to estimate the relative impact of SES across transitions in students’ college-to-career pathways and explore how socioeconomic disparities in rates of student outcomes vary by student ability, institutional selectivity, and the combination of the two. Sequential logit modeling, a methodological staple in research on the effects of socioeconomic background on educational progression, is used to estimate the relative effect of SES on seven postsecondary transitions, from college application through graduate school attainment. The labor market outcomes of college graduates are also analyzed to determine whether family upbringing continues to influence students even after completing college. For both the postsecondary and labor market analyses, separate models are fit for different ability groups and institutional selectivity levels to investigate how these factors impact the magnitude of socioeconomic disparities in transitions. The results of this study suggest the need for a new conceptualization of this phenomenon, which is termed the Postsecondary Resource Trinity model. This model highlights the complex interaction between socioeconomic, academic, and institutional resources and suggests the need for a re-examination of the traditional perspective that the impact of SES declines steadily for all students as they progress through postsecondary. Implications of the model for policy, practice, and future research are discussed. / text

Texte remanié de: Th.--University of Leiden. / Bibliogr. p. 253-276. Index.

This composition portfolio comprises nine original compositions: Erebos (solo violin and chamber ensemble, 2014), Sisyphus Syndrome (clarinet in Bb and percussion, 2014), Aether (solo accordion, 2014), Aether II (brass band, 2014), Boreas (s.a.t.b chorus with soprano and tenor soloists, 2014), Eremos (flute choir and percussion, 2014), Helen (solo mezzo-soprano, solo cello, double chorus (s.a.t.b, s.a.t.b), 4 horns in F and timpani, 2015), Aphrodite Anadyomene (clarinet in Bb, violin, cello and piano, 2015) and Teotihuacan (symphony orchestra, 2016). This accompanying commentary discusses compositional concerns explored within the compositions. This includes an approach to creating binary oppositions, which is based upon a combination of Elliott Carters stratification techniques in combination with Lutoslawskis interval partitioning techniques. Additionally, approaches to creating musical drama and structural trajectory are explored. This includes drawing upon the structure of Greek tragedy by using Birtwistles Tragoedia as a starting point, juxtaposing and superimposing binary oppositions and using Stravinskian block structures. I also describe how my instrumental compositions have been influenced by electroacoustic music and describe a method of implementing Thoresens typology to plan and trigger textures and timbral ideas.

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Cajati, onde o tratamento é realizado por lagoas de estabilização com sistema australiano. Em amostragens de variação nictemeral e sazonal, observou-se estratificação térmica nas duas lagoas, sendo que esta foi mais acentuada em abril. Em todos os períodos, a coluna de água esteve homogênea às 2h e 8h e estratificada às 14h e 20h. A estratificação térmica resultou na estratificação química (pH e oxigênio dissolvido), sendo que ambas as lagoas foram divididas em dois compartimentos: superior, com maiores temperaturas, pH e oxigênio dissolvido, e outro inferior, com comportamento contrário. A lagoa anaeróbia apresentou concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido de aproximadamente 10,0 mg/L, o que resulta em funcionamento inadequado também foi confirmado pelos resultados de clorofila nesta lagoa, que foram semelhantes aos da facultativa e atingiram até 3,5x\'10 POT.3\' \'mü\'g/L em abril e julho. Além disso, as concentrações de nutrientes e coliformes foram baixas no afluente bruto em relação às obtidas na literatura. Os valores de pH estiveram altos para lagoas de estabilização, com máxima de 12,17 em janeiro. Apenas em abril, o pH esteve menor (6,84-9,86), condizente com a literatura e adequado para fermentação anaeróbia. O menor pH e maiores temperaturas obtidos em abril resultaram em melhores eficiências de redução que nos outros períodos. As estimativas de vazão e carga orgânica revelaram que a ETE vem operando abaixo da carga prevista, o que pode influenciar na eficiência do sistema, pois este não terá tempo suficiente para formar comunidade microbiana estável. Não foi possível observar variabilidade vertical padrão das biomoléculas proteínas, carboidratos e lipídeos, nem ao longo do sistema. Observou-se heterogeneidade espacial e vertical entre as concentrações de nitrogênio e fósforo em todo sistema, onde alguns processos puderam ser identificados e estes foram influenciados por temperatura, pH e oxigênio dissolvido. Houve predomínio de cianobactéria (Synechocystis sp) na ETE Cajati, seguido de clorofícea (Chlorella kessleri). Em ambas as lagoas, o predomínio foi de Eubactéria com baixas concentrações de Arquéias. O efluente final esteve de acordo com os padrões de lançamento de efluentes estabelecidos na Resolução CONAMA 357/2005. / This research was developed in the Cajati wastewater treatment plant, where the treatment is carried through by stabilization ponds with australian system. In samplings of nictemeral and seasonal variation, thermal stratification in the two ponds was observed, and this was more accented in April. In all the periods, the water column was homogeneous at 2 a.m. and 8 a.m. and stratified at 2 p.m. and 8 p.m. Thermal stratification resulted in chemical stratification (pH and dissolved oxygen) and both the ponds had been divided into two compartments: superior, with higher temperatures, pH and dissolved oxygen, and another inferior, to the contrary behavior. The anaerobic pond presented concentrations of dissolved oxygen of approximately 10,0 mg/L that results in functioning inadequate confirmed by the results of chlorophyll in this pond. The anaerobic pond had been similar to the facultative one, which had reached 3,5 x \'10 POT.3\' \'mü\'g/L in April and July. Moreover, the concentrations of nutrients and coliforms had been low in the raw affluent in relation to those described in literature. The pH values had been high for stabilization ponds, with maximum of 12,17 in January. In April, pH was minor (6,84-9,86), according to literature and for anaerobic fermentation. The minor pH and greater temperature taken in April had resulted in better efficiencies of reduction that in the other periods. The estimates of outflow and organic load had disclosed that the plant is operating below the design load, which can influence the efficiency of the system, therefore it will not have enough time to form steady microbial community. Vertical and spatial variability was not observed for proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Vertical and spatial heterogeneity was observed in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, where some processes could have been identified and these had been influenced by temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. There were predominance of Cyanobacteria (Synechocystis sp) followed by Chlorophycea (Chlorella kessleri). In both ponds, there was predominance of Eubacteria with low concentrations of Archeae. The final effluent was in accordance with the established standards of discharge of effluent - Resolution CONAMA 357/2005.

Kansas City exists as a starkly segregated city in the 21st century. The Racial Dot Map of Kansas City, illustrated by the Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service, highlights this contrast through the mapping of racial groups within the city. Upon first glance, it is noted that one street serves to divide the city racially, Troost Avenue. This fissure divides the city by race, economic status, school districts, crime, and many other demographic characteristics. Troost Ave originally signified a boundary of a thriving plantation and over time developed into Millionaire’s row, a street for wealthy families wanting to live outside the downtown area. The city’s expansion and the introduction of a streetcar line on Troost spurred commercial development along this corridor. Shortly after this period of time, developers began to focus on a City Beautiful movement west of Troost, designing large parkways and new housing for affluent, white neighborhoods. Due to a shift of focus to the area west of Troost, property values east of Troost began to drop. At this time, marginalized black communities were pushed out of the city’s West Bottoms due to effects of the second Industrial Revolution. The neighborhood east of Troost was a prime area for relocation due to it’s affordability, access to transportation, and proximity to urban life. The confluence of suburbanization, white flight, and the automobile led to the abandonment of the streetcar system and major shifts in Kansas City life. This echoed throughout the social, political, and economic fabric surrounding Troost Ave. This city wide transition created the racially concentrated areas of poverty east of Troost Ave and left a once thriving urban corridor to diminish, dividing and scarring the city. The thesis addresses the avenue at the scale of the city by pinpointing highly trafficked intersections and reclaiming unused space to generate place along Troost Avenue, creating a visually connected corridor. / 0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

Classless: On Being Middle Class in America is a documentary film that explores what it means to be middle class in America. The film combines personal narrative, folksy reporting, and comedy as the film's director— Joe Brown, tries to reconcile his own status anxiety with everyday understandings of social class. Classless takes the form of a journey; the film travels through the American South, Northeast, and the Mountain West while trying to get at the heart of our middle class American Dream. Classless forwards three main arguments: (1) the American middle class is not as all-encompassing as seems; (2) Americans are more concerned about inequality than both politicians and the media suggest; and (3) many Americans are not actually middle class, economically speaking.