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In order to increase the current efficiency in copper electrowinning tankhouses, iron can be removed from the electrolyte using ion exchange. While this is a proven technology, very little data is available for the application of this technology to copper electrowinning electrolytes containing antimony and bismuth. The feasibility of utilizing iron ion exchange for the removal of iron from copper electrowinning electrolytes containing antimony and bismuth was studied in the laboratory. A picolylamine, a sulphonated diphosphonic, an aminophosphonic and three sulphonated monophosphonic resins were tested. The picolylamine resin was found to be completely impractical as it loaded high levels of copper. All the phosphonic resins tested loaded an appreciable amount of antimony, however, only the aminophosponic resin loaded an appreciable amount of bismuth. Tests to determine whether or not the sulphonated monophosphonic Purolite 5957 resin would continue to load antimony with time and, hence, reduce the resin's ability to remove iron gave inconclusive results. In the event that the resin's ability to remove iron is hampered due to antimony loading, testing has shown that the resin performance may be restored via a regeneration with a solution containing sulphuric acid and sodium chloride. A case study for the application of this technology to the CVRD Inco CRED plant has shown that, while iron removal by ion exchange is technically feasible, it will upset the plant's acid balance in electrolyte. Therefore, an acid removal process would need to be implemented in tandem with an iron ion exchange system. Additionally, preliminary calculations suggest that a system with a single ion exchange column may have difficulty removing sufficient iron for the CRED design conditions. Therefore, consideration should be given to the possibility of utilizing a two column system (one column loading, one column stripping).

We employ the Reuters database to compare execution costs for 2,330 matched-pair securities across the top 7 equity markets in the Dow Jones STOXX Global 1800 Index. This sample encompasses a wide variety of thirteen market design features. In addition, we investigate execution costs well beyond the most heavily traded stocks to include equities in the sixth through tenth deciles of traded value. Our findings indicate that full transparency of the limit order book to investors and a composite of unique NYSE features (but not the presence of the crowd) unequivocally reduce effective spreads. In contrast, a fully transparent limit order book revealed to brokers, the presence of a market maker, or the mixture of execution systems present on the LSE sharply increase effective spreads in both thickly and thinly-traded stocks. The effect of a physical trading floor is statistically significant but relatively small; it increases effective spreads slightly for thickly-traded firms, and reduces them for thinly-traded stocks. The findings for price impact are the same with three exceptions. First, the presence of a trading floor increases costs, dramatically so for thinlytraded stocks. Second, a fully transparent limit order book for brokers raises price impact for thickly traded stocks, but lowers price impacts for thinly traded firms. Third, in thinly-traded stocks, London???s hybrid market decreases price impact, and in thickly-traded stocks, crowd trading on the NYSE and full transparency to investors decrease price impact. Finally, the results for realised spread are essentially the same as those for effective spread, with the exception that the effect of the presence of a trading floor is to reduce realised spreads. Overall, the London Stock Exchange is the highest execution cost market, and the NYSE is the lowest. This research includes a market-specific study of the effect on execution cost of the Liquidity Provider of Euronext Paris. Euronext Paris affords a natural experimental research design because a third of firms have Liquidity Providers and two thirds do not. Results indicate quoted spreads, effective spreads and realized spreads are significantly affected by the presence of a Liquidity Provider, but price impacts are not. On the one hand, this suggests that the thickly-traded stocks where the Liquidity Providers are prohibited have sufficient liquidity in their absence. On the other hand however, liquidity providers on Euronext Paris reduce effective and realised spreads in essentially all stocks. This finding suggests that the limit order book refreshes much more quickly after developing an imbalance of large size orders when Liquidity Providers can facilitate other liquidity suppliers in assessing picking off risk. The Liquidity Provider increases quoted spreads for thickly-traded firms from the first three traded value deciles while reducing quoted spreads for the lower deciles.

213 leaves : Ill., appendices / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, 1973

144 leaves : ill., tables ; 26 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, 1977

Universität Leipzig, 1725, Thesis (doctoral) / At head of title: Q.D.B.V. - Goldsmiths'-Kress no. 06419.1-1. - OCLC, 23060428. - Reproduction of original from Harvard Law Library

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State College, 1952. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-70). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Schulich School of Business. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-115). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004 & res_dat=xri:pqdiss & rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation & rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR11632.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington. / Bibliography: l. [137]-139.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Univ., 2001. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.