Orientador: Gastão Inácio krein / Coorientador: Bruno El-Bennich / Banca: Lauro Tomio / Banca: Juan Pablo Carlomagno / Banca: Sidney dos Santos Avancini / Banca: Kazuo Tsushima / Resumo: Nesta tese empregamos um modelo de interação de contato que preserva simetrias para estudar estrututura hadrônica e matéria de quarks. A interação de contato é uma representação de kernels não perturbativos usados em equações de Dyson-Schwinger e Bethe-Salpeter da Cromodinâmica Quântica (QCD). A ideia básica do modelo está baseada num esquema de subtração que evita passos tradicionais no cálculo de de integrais divergentes que invariavelmente levam a violações de simetrias. Em temperatura zero, as equações de Dyson-Schwinger equation para os propagadores dos quarks u; d; s and c são resolvidas e amplitudes de estado ligado de Bethe-Salpeter, que respeitam a invariância sob translações espaço-temporais e as identidades de Ward-Takahashi associadas com simetrias globais da QCD, são obtidas para calcular as massas e as constantes de decaimento eletrofracas dos mésons pseudoscalares π; K, D e Ds e dos mésons vetorias ρ, K*, D* e Ds*. As predições do modelo estão em bom acordo com dados experimentais e da QCD na rede. Em adição, estendemos o modelo para temperaturas diferentes de zero; neste caso, o problema de violação de simetrias está restrito apenas às partes puramente divergentes porque os termos que dependem das distribuições térmicas são finitas e não requerem regularização. Finalmente, investigamos a dependência com a temperatura das contribuições das flutuações quânticas quark-π e quark-σ aos coeficientes de transporte de viscosidade de cisalhamento η e volumétrica ζ e as... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In thesis, a symmetry-preserving contact interaction model is used to study hadron structure and quark matter. The contact interaction is a representation of nonperturbative kernels used in Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). The basic idea of the model is based on a subtraction scheme that avoids standard steps in the evaluation of divergent integrals that invariably lead to symmetry violation. At zero temperature, the Dyson-Schwinger equation is solved for the u; d; s and c quark propagators and the boundstate Bethe-Salpeter amplitudes respecting spacetime-translation invariance and the Ward-Green-Takahashi identities associated with global symmetries of QCD are obtained to calculate masses and electroweak decay constants of the pseudoscalar π; K, D and Ds and vector ρ, K*, D*, and Ds* mesons. The predictions of the model are in good agreement with available experimental and lattice QCD data. In addition, we extend the model to nonzero temperature; here, the problem of symmetry violation is associated only with the purely divergent parts because the effects due to the termal distributions are finite and do not need regularization. We compute the temperature dependence of the masses and decay constants of the pseudoscalar mesons considered here. Finally, we have investigated the temperature dependence of the contributions of quark-π and quark-σ quantum fluctuations to the transport coefficients of shear η and bulk ζ viscosities and t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Florianópolis, 2010 / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-25T00:30:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 285471.pdf: 322523 bytes, checksum: 8f8b675363c4e1481e549c50d3bb5cec (MD5) / Investigamos a estrutura de estrelas híbridas levando em conta duas construções diferentes. Uma é baseada na condição de Gibbs para a coexistência de fases e considera a existência de uma fase mista para as densidades intermediárias, entre as densidades onde a matéria é composta por hádrons e as densidades onde a matéria é composta por quarks, a outra, é baseada na construção de Maxwell, e não possuí fase mista. Neste trabalho a fase de hádrons é descrita pelo modelo de Walecka não-linear (WNL) e a fase de quarks pelo modelo de Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL). Concluímos que os resultados da matéria estelar macroscópica são dependentes do modelo, mas, não são significantemente diferentes para as duas construções.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Florianópolis, 2016. / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-24T03:15:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 343611.pdf: 25448372 bytes, checksum: 73bec479d7ff64a193ca927f846c87b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Nesta tese utiliza-se o modelo de Nambu?Jona-Lasinio (NJL) na versão SU(2) para os quarks leves up e down com a finalidade de se estudar a transição quiral na matéria de quarks e suas aplicações no contexto da física de altas energias. Entre as grandezas físicas calculadas estão a tensão superficial na matéria de quarks magnetizada, que é de interesse da física de estrelas compactas, e a correlação entre o número de partículas e antipartículas em temperatura e densidade ?nitas, que é de interesse da física de colisões de íons pesados. O potencial efetivo, ou energia livre de Landau, é calculado na aproximação de campo médio usando-se o formalismo de integrais de trajetória. No regime de baixas temperaturas o modelo prevê uma transição de primeira ordem da matéria hadrônica para a matéria de quarks, o que tem consequências importantes como, por exemplo, a coexistência das duas fases, hadrônica e de quarks, para determinados valores da pressão, temperatura e potencial químico. A tensão superficial entre estas fases é calculada para a matéria de quarks magnetizada através do método geométrico, onde leva-se em conta as instabilidades associadas a` transição de primeira ordem. A formação de estrelas híbridas com fase mista depende de taxa de nucleação de bolhas de quarks em meio a matéria de hádrons, que, por sua vez, depende da tensão superficial. No caso de estrelas com campos magnéticos fortes como as magnetares, o valor da tensão superficial varia em função da intensidade do campo, facilitando (caso a tensão superficial diminua) ou não (caso aumente) a ocorrência de fase mista. Os resultados da tese mostram que, para valores do campo magnético em torno de 4-6m_p^2/e ??10?^19 G, a tensão superficial diminui em relação ao seu valor com campo nulo, favorecendo a formação de estrelas híbridas com fase mista. Entretanto, para valores muito altos de B, a tensão superficial cresce continuamente, o que desfavorece a formação destas estrelas. O modelo NJL também prevê a existência de um ponto crítico no seu diagrama de fases. Nos últimos anos tem-se procurado por evidências experimentais da existência de um ponto crítico no diagrama de fases da QCD em experimentos de colisões de íons pesados. Uma forma de se investigar esta questão consiste em analisar as flutuações e correlações nas distribuições de partículas obtidas nas colisões. Recentemente as equipes responsáveis pelo programa Beam Energy Scan, da colaboração STAR, publicaram informações a respeito de cumulantes das curvas de distribuição do número de prótons e antiprótons detectados nos experimentos. Os resultados sugerem que a produção de prótons e antiprótons ocorre de modo praticamente independente, isto é, quase não há correlação entre o número de prótons e antiprótons. Entretanto, sabe-se que nas proximidades de uma transição de fase, mais precisamente na vizinhança de um ponto crítico, correlações costumam desempenhar um papel importante. A segunda etapa desta tese concentra-se em calcular a correlação entre o número de partículas e antipartículas ao longo do diagrama de fases do modelo NJL e estudar o seu comportamento nas vizinhanças do ponto crítico. Este cálculo permite uma comparação direta com os resultados publicados pela colaboração STAR, responsável pelo programa Beam Energy Scan. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a correlação é levemente diferente de zero perto da temperatura pseudo-crítica de crossover e apresenta um salto abrupto no ponto crítico. No entanto, este comportamento pode ser atenuado quando um acoplamento vetorial repulsivo está presente.<br> / Abstract : This thesis uses the SU(2) Nambu?Jona-Lasinio model for up and down quarks with the aim of studying the chiral transition in quark matter and its application to high energy physics. Among the physical quantities calculated here are the surface tension in magnetized quark matter, relevant to compact star physics, as well as the particle-antiparticle number correlation in ?nite temperature and density, relevant to heavy ion collision physics. The e?ective potential, or Landau?s free energy, is calculated within the mean ?eld approximation by using the path integral formalism. At low temperatures the model predicts a ?rst order phase transition from hadronic matter to quark matter, which has important consequences such as the coexistence of both phases at the same values of temperature, chemical potential and pressure. The surface tension between the two phases in magnetized quark matter is calculated using a geometrical approach that considers the instabilities associated with a ?rst order phase transition. The surface tension has an important role in the context of compact stars, since the formation of hybrid stars with mixed phase depends on the nucleation rate of quark bubbles which, in turn, depends on the surface tension. In the case of stars with strong magnetic ?elds such as magnetars, the value of the surface tension varies as a function of the ?eld strenght, favoring (if the value of the surface tension decreases) or disfavoring (if the value increases) the occurrence of a mixed phase. The results presented here show that, for values of the magnetic ?eld around 4-6 m_p^2/e ??10?^19 G, the surface tension decreases with respect to its value at B = 0, therefore favoring the formation of hybrid stars with mixed phase. However, for very high values of B, the surface tension continuously grows, which disfavors the formation of such stars. The NJL model also predicts the existence of a critical point in the phase diagram. In the last years, heavy ion collision experiments have been looking for evidence of the QCD critical point. One way to approach this problem is to look for ?uctuations and correlations in the particle distributions obtained in these experiments. Recently, the teams responsable for the Beam Energy Scan program, in the STAR collaboration, published data concerning the cumulants of the proton and antiproton distribuction functions obtained in recent experiments. The results suggest that the proton and antiproton production occurs in a practically independent way, with almost no correlation between them. Nevertheless, it is well known that correlations play a important role in the vicinity of a phase transition, specially in the vicinity of a critical point. The second part of this thesis focus in the evaluation of the particle-antiparticle correlation along the phase diagram of the NJL model and in the study of its behavior near the critical point. The results allow for a direct comparison with the data published by the STAR collaboration and show that the correlation is slightly di?erent from zero near the pseudo-critical temperature but presents an abrupt jump at the critical point. However, this behavior may be softened when a repulsive vector coupling is present.

In the standard model the rare kaon decay 𝙆_𝐿 → 𝜇⁺𝜇⁻ is a highly suppressed, ``strangeness changing neutral current process'' that requires the exchange of two weak bosons with an accurately measured branching fraction 𝐵(𝙆_𝐿 → 𝜇⁺𝜇⁻) = (6.84 ∓ 0.11 ) ✕ 10⁻⁹ [1]. For this measurement to become an important short-distance test of the standard model, the competing 𝑂(𝛼²_𝙴𝙼𝐺_𝙵) two-photon contribution must be computed and removed from the total decay amplitude. While the imaginary part of this contribution can be obtained from the 𝙆_𝐿 → 𝜇⁺𝜇⁻ decay rate and the optical theorem, the real part must be computed in QCD [2]. Depending on a relative sign, a 10% calculation of the real part of the 𝑂(𝛼²_𝙴𝙼𝐺_𝙵) two-photon contribution would lead to a 6% or 17% test of the standard model. As a first step in developing a strategy for computing the two-photon contribution to the 𝙆_𝐿 → 𝜇⁺𝜇⁻ decay, we examine a simpler process 𝜋⁰ → 𝓮⁺𝓮⁻. Here no weak interaction vertex is involved and, more importantly, there is no intermediate hadronic state with a mass smaller than that of the initial pion. The sole complication arises from the presence of the two-photon intermediate state, only one of the difficulties offered by the 𝙆_𝐿 → 𝜇⁺𝜇⁻ decay. We show that the 𝜋⁰ → 𝓮⁺𝓮⁻ amplitude can be calculated with an analytic continuation method where the entire decay amplitude including the imaginary part is preserved. The real part involves non-perturbative QCD contribution and is of substantial interest, while the imaginary part of calculated amplitude can be compared with the prediction of optical theorem to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method. We obtain Re𝓐 = 18.60(1.19)(1.04) eV, Im𝓐 = 32.59(1.50)(1.65) e𝐕 and a more precise value for their ratio Re𝓐/Im𝓐 = 0.571(10)(4) from continuum extrapolation of two lattice ensembles, where 𝓐 is the decay amplitude, the error in the first parenthesis is statistical and the error in the second parenthesis is systematic. Next, we develop a computational strategy to determine the 𝙆_𝐿 → 𝛾 𝛾 decay amplitude. It involves the same hadronic matrix element as the 𝙆_𝐿 → 𝜇⁺𝜇⁻ decay as well as all the intermediate states whose energies are lower than or close to the initial kaon sate except for the |𝜋𝜋𝜇〉that is difficult to deal with. While the lattice QCD calculation is carried out in finite volume, the emitted photons are treated in infinite volume and the resulting finite-volume errors decrease exponentially in the linear size of the lattice volume. Only the 𝑪𝑷-conserving contribution to the decay is computed and we must subtract unphysical contamination resulting from single pion and eta intermediate states which grow exponentially (or fall slowly) as the time separation between the initial and final lattice operators is increased. Results from a calculation without disconnected diagrams on a 24³ ✕ 64 lattice volume with 1/𝛼 =1 Ge𝐕 and physical quark masses are presented.

Includes bibliographical references. / Various calculations· of the evolution of the hadron gas in the early universe are carried out. To determine the starting point for the evolution equations a phase transition between the quark-gluon plasma phase and the hadron gas phase is constructed. A simple calculation leads to an estimate of the chemical potential of baryons at the quark-hadron phase transition in the early universe. We investigate how the transition temperature depends on the equations of state for the bagged quark and the hadron phase. A particle density evolution model is introduced which predicts the temperature at which particle species drop out of equilibrium (freeze-out) in an expanding universe. We then construct dynamical evolution equations to describe the reactions of interacting pions and photons. In order to model a more realistic hadron gas, we include kaons and finally nucleons and hyperons into the model universe. The results indicate that this type of model should be extended to include more interacting particle species and that a more realistic evolution model is dependent on obtaining accurate reaction cross-sections.

No description available.

This thesis reports on two experiments conducted by the HAPPEx (Hall A Proton Parity Experiment) collaboration at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. For both, the weak neutral current interaction (WNC, mediated by the Z0 boson) is used to probe novel properties of hadronic targets. The WNC interaction amplitude is extracted by measuring the parity-violating asymmetry in the elastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons off unpolarized target hadrons. HAPPEx-III, conducted in the Fall of 2009, used a liquid hydrogen target at a momentum transfer of Q2 = 0.62 GeV2. The measured asymmetry was used to set new constraints on the contribution of strange quark form factors (GsE,M to the nucleon electromagnetic form factors. A value of APV = -23.803 +- 0.778 (stat) +- 0.359 (syst) ppm resulted in GEs + 0.517 GMs = 0.003 +- 0.010 (stat) +- 0.004 (syst) +- 0.009 (FF). PREx, conducted in the Spring of 2010, used a polarized electron beam on a 208Pb target at a momentum transfer of Q2 = 0.009 GeV2. This parity-violating asymmetry can be used to obtain a clean measurement of the root-mean-square radius of the neutrons in the 208Pb nucleus. The Z0 boson couples mainly to neutrons; the neutron weak charge is much larger than that of the proton. The value of this asymmetry is at the sub-ppm level and has a projected experimental fractional precision of 3%. We will describe the accelerator setup used to set controls on helicity-correlated beam asymmetries and the analysis methods for finding the raw asymmetry for HAPPEx-III. We will also discuss in some detail the preparations to meet the experimental challenges associated with measuring such a small asymmetry with the degree of precision required for PREx.

No description available.

Part I Proposed Experimental Tests of the Right-handed Weak Current All possible experiments which test the SU(2)_L x U(1)_R x U(1)_B-L model and SU(2)_L x SU(2)_R x U(1)_B-L model using the LEP e⁺e⁻ collider and HERA e⁻p collider are calculated and the most sensitive experiments are examined. Part II Semi-Phenomenological Theory of (Qq̅) System The (QQ̅) and (Qq̅) mesons are calculated using a QCD motivated potential model. It is discovered that by including a long distance relativistic correction term derived by Grome, the Coulomb + Linear potential works not only for c and b quarks, but s quark as well. The leptonic decay constants of various (Qq̅) mesons together with their masses are predicted. The topponium states are also discussed. / Ph. D.

No description available.