"In the past decade nanomaterials have attracted the interest of scientists and engineers all over the world due to their unique properties. Through their devoted experimental efforts, limited advances have been made on the synthesis of nanomaterials, the integration of nanomaterials into the structures of larger scales, and the property study of nanomaterials to explore possible applications. Despite the huge amount of money, resources, and effort invested in nanomaterials, several challenges still remain as obstacles on the way towards the successful large scale use of nanomaterials to benefit human life and society. For example, the need for low-cost, robust, and highly productive manufacturing methods and the demand for efficient integration of nanomaterials with materials and devices of larger length scales are still left unmet. The objective of this work was to utilize cost-efficient nanofabrication methods such as template-assisted fabrication, electrodeposition, and chemical vapor deposition to fabricate nanomaterials, integrate nanomaterials with larger structures to form a hierarchical composite, and explore the application of unique nanostructured electrode in lithium-ion batteries. Thus the thesis consists of three main parts: (1) fabrication of one-dimensional inorganic nanomaterials such as metal nanowires, metal nanorods, and carbon nanotubes with good control over shape and dimension; (2) synthesis of hierarchical carbon nanofibers on carbon microfibers and/or glass microfibers; and (3) development of nanostructured anodes to improve high-rate capability of lithium-ion batteries by adapting nanorod arrays as miniature current collectors. "