Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2004.

Zugl.: Bremen, Universiẗat, Diss., 2007.

This thesis deals with the study of sudden step changes observed in model testing of standard bearing steel 100Cr6. Methodology of experiments with step change of load is proposed and applied in measurements. Three complete series of experiments were conducted, and rating life was determined for each loading trend. Based on the experiments carried out, it was found that the selected steel is able to withstand the sudden step of load changes, despite the fact that it is not material of choise for this type of load. Part of this work was to verify functionality of the innovated test stations AXMAT with modern diagnostics and a new control system, and also of the hydraulic variant of AXMAT, which allows to remotely derive dynamic loading of the test sample.

A tendência mundial de se buscar a sustentabilidade econômica tem causado uma crescente demanda por novas técnicas e novos materiais que gerem: aumento da produtividade, maior velocidade de operação, aumento da vida útil de ferramentas e matrizes, e que reduzam o custo ambiental atual. Nesta busca a modificação de superfícies metálicas é um campo promissor e o bombardeamento com íons de Xe+ tem sido utilizada para texturizar a superfície do substrato, seja para o aumento da aderência de revestimentos com grande dureza ou para melhorar a difusão de N. Neste estudo são relatados os resultados obtidos de ensaios de dureza, desgaste, DRX (fases e tensão residual) e microscopias MEV, AFM e MET, efetuadas em amostras de aço 100Cr6 (globulizada) modificadas superficialmente por meio de bombardeamento com íons de Xe+ e revestimento duplex. Para esse fim, foram preparadas amostras combinando: bombardeamento com íons de Xe+ com energia de 400 e 1000 eV; implantação de N por feixe de íons e plasma pulsado; e deposição do revestimento de TiN por sputtering com diferentes temperaturas em um sistema reativo com N2-IBSD. Uma análise desses resultados permitiu constatar que o bombardeamento de íons de Xe+ gera refinamento de grãos, texturização, e aumenta a densidade de defeitos na estrutura cristalina na superfície tratada em função da energia utilizada. O bombardeamento de Xe+ com energia de 1000 eV melhorou o aprisionamento de nitrogênio e a difusão a 380°C (via feixe de íons) o que levou a formação dos nitretos γ\'-Fe4N e ε-Fe2-3N. Enquanto que com energia de 400 eV levou a formação apenas do nitreto γ\'-Fe4N. As propriedades adquiridas na combinação dos pré-tratamentos de bombardeamento de Xe+ com energia de 400 eV, nitretação a plasma pulsado (520°C) e a deposição do filme de TiN (500°C/240 min) levaram ao melhor desempenho no ensaio de desgaste. / The global trend of seeking economic sustainability has caused a growing demand for new materials that generate: increased productivity, higher operating speed, increased service life of tools and dies, and to reduce the current environmental cost. In this search, the modification of metallic surfaces is a promising field and bombardment Xe+ ions has been used to texture the surface of the substrate, is to increase the tack coatings with high hardness or to improve the N diffusion. In this study are reported the results obtained from testing the hardness, wear, XRD (phase and residual stress) and microscopy SEM, AFM and TEM, made in 100Cr6 steel samples (globulized) surface modified by bombardment with Xe+ and duplex coating. To this end, samples were prepared by combining: bombardment Xe+ ions with energy of 400 and 1000 eV; N implantation by ion beam and pulsed plasma; and deposition of the TiN coating by sputtering at different temperatures in a N2 reaction system-IBSD. An analysis of these results helped to confirm that the bombardment of Xe+ ions produces grain refinement, texturing, and increases the defect density in the crystalline structure of the surface treated according to the energy used. Bombardment of Xe+ ions with energy 1000 eV improved nitrogen trapping and diffusion to 380°C (via ion beam) which led to the formation of γ\'-Fe4N and ε-Fe2-3N nitrides. Whereas with energy 400 eV led to the formation of only γ\'-nitride Fe4N. The properties acquired in the combination of the pre-treatments of Xe+ ions bombardment at 400 eV, pulsed plasma nitriding (520°C) and the deposition of TiN coating (500°C/240 min) leads to a superior performance in wear test.

A tendência mundial de se buscar a sustentabilidade econômica tem causado uma crescente demanda por novas técnicas e novos materiais que gerem: aumento da produtividade, maior velocidade de operação, aumento da vida útil de ferramentas e matrizes, e que reduzam o custo ambiental atual. Nesta busca a modificação de superfícies metálicas é um campo promissor e o bombardeamento com íons de Xe+ tem sido utilizada para texturizar a superfície do substrato, seja para o aumento da aderência de revestimentos com grande dureza ou para melhorar a difusão de N. Neste estudo são relatados os resultados obtidos de ensaios de dureza, desgaste, DRX (fases e tensão residual) e microscopias MEV, AFM e MET, efetuadas em amostras de aço 100Cr6 (globulizada) modificadas superficialmente por meio de bombardeamento com íons de Xe+ e revestimento duplex. Para esse fim, foram preparadas amostras combinando: bombardeamento com íons de Xe+ com energia de 400 e 1000 eV; implantação de N por feixe de íons e plasma pulsado; e deposição do revestimento de TiN por sputtering com diferentes temperaturas em um sistema reativo com N2-IBSD. Uma análise desses resultados permitiu constatar que o bombardeamento de íons de Xe+ gera refinamento de grãos, texturização, e aumenta a densidade de defeitos na estrutura cristalina na superfície tratada em função da energia utilizada. O bombardeamento de Xe+ com energia de 1000 eV melhorou o aprisionamento de nitrogênio e a difusão a 380°C (via feixe de íons) o que levou a formação dos nitretos γ\'-Fe4N e ε-Fe2-3N. Enquanto que com energia de 400 eV levou a formação apenas do nitreto γ\'-Fe4N. As propriedades adquiridas na combinação dos pré-tratamentos de bombardeamento de Xe+ com energia de 400 eV, nitretação a plasma pulsado (520°C) e a deposição do filme de TiN (500°C/240 min) levaram ao melhor desempenho no ensaio de desgaste. / The global trend of seeking economic sustainability has caused a growing demand for new materials that generate: increased productivity, higher operating speed, increased service life of tools and dies, and to reduce the current environmental cost. In this search, the modification of metallic surfaces is a promising field and bombardment Xe+ ions has been used to texture the surface of the substrate, is to increase the tack coatings with high hardness or to improve the N diffusion. In this study are reported the results obtained from testing the hardness, wear, XRD (phase and residual stress) and microscopy SEM, AFM and TEM, made in 100Cr6 steel samples (globulized) surface modified by bombardment with Xe+ and duplex coating. To this end, samples were prepared by combining: bombardment Xe+ ions with energy of 400 and 1000 eV; N implantation by ion beam and pulsed plasma; and deposition of the TiN coating by sputtering at different temperatures in a N2 reaction system-IBSD. An analysis of these results helped to confirm that the bombardment of Xe+ ions produces grain refinement, texturing, and increases the defect density in the crystalline structure of the surface treated according to the energy used. Bombardment of Xe+ ions with energy 1000 eV improved nitrogen trapping and diffusion to 380°C (via ion beam) which led to the formation of γ\'-Fe4N and ε-Fe2-3N nitrides. Whereas with energy 400 eV led to the formation of only γ\'-nitride Fe4N. The properties acquired in the combination of the pre-treatments of Xe+ ions bombardment at 400 eV, pulsed plasma nitriding (520°C) and the deposition of TiN coating (500°C/240 min) leads to a superior performance in wear test.

Bearings are employed in a number of applications under extremely demanding conditions. During long operation times, the material undergoes rolling contact fatigue where microstructural damage manifests as dark-etching regions and white-etching areas, which display different properties from the surrounding region. The aim of this study is to identify the mechanisms for such damage and to suggest models that can explain the influence of the initial microstructure and test conditions. In order to appraise the stress state in rolling contacts, two testing techniques were employed and it was examined if the testing methods could reproduce the same damage as in bearing operation. During ball-on-rod fatigue testing, microcracks were generated adjacent to inclusions and some were decorated with white-etching areas. Repetitive push tests showed a similar extent of subsurface hardening compared to the ball-on-rod tests, and allowed the strain per stress cycle to be measured. The microstructural alterations in a white-etching area were studied both on a macroscale and on an atomic-scale. The degree of stress concentration near a microcrack was calculated employing a nite element method. The microstructure, as well as the segregation behaviour of alloying elements in the white-etching area, were investigated by employing transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. A nanocrystalline structure with scattered carbide particles was observed in the white-etching area. Carbon and silicon segregation was highly pronounced in some boundaries of dislocation cell structures. Models were suggested to account for the microstructural alterations during rolling contact fatigue. Carbide coarsening in dark-etching regions was modelled by considering how carbon di usion is assisted by dislocation glide. The predicted hardness evolution was consistent with experimental observation. The kinetics of carbide dissolution in white-etching areas was calculated by taking two processes into account: deformation accumulation and carbon diffusion. These models suggest that the microstructural changes during bearing operation can be controlled by tailoring the initial microstructure and managing the test conditions.

Aujourd'hui, en raison des contraintes environnementales et économiques, l'usinage fait parti des domaines en plein développement. Le tournage dur est un procédé récent qui permet d'usiner des aciers traités avec des duretés élevées supérieures à 45 HRc. Il permet en particulier d'obtenir, sans lubrification, des pièces avec un état de surface et une précision proche de ceux issus de la rectification. La maîtrise du procédé d'usinage nécessite la compréhension des mécanismes intervenant dans la zone de coupe. Ces derniers dépendent d'une part de la nature de l'outil utilisé et d'autre part du matériau. Cette étude concerne principalement l'effet de la microstructure d'un acier à roulement sur l'usinabilité et les caractéristiques d'intégrité de surface. Cet acier (100Cr6) a été étudié avec différents états métallurgiques caractérisés par la présence ou non de carbures dans une matrice bainitique ou martensitique. Les deux états métallurgiques ont été étudiés pour des duretés identiques comprises entre 45 HRc et 59 HRc. Plusieurs techniques d'analyses mécaniques et thermiques ont permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moteurs lors de la formation des copeaux en usinage dur. En particulier, un thermotribomètre a été utilisé pour décrire l'influence de la microstructure et la dureté sur la tribologie du couple 100Cr6-cBN. En effet, il est montré que le coefficient de frottement augmente avec la présence de carbures. Un banc d'essais de barres Hopkinson a permis d'identifier par approche inverse les lois de comportement de type Johnson-Cook pour les différents états métallurgiques. Les essais ont été conduits sur des éprouvettes chapeaux permettant de reproduire le cisaillement dynamique de la zone primaire de cisaillement générée dans la coupe. L'influence de la dureté sur les constantes d'écoulement a été mise en évidence. Des essais de chariotage ont été ensuite menés. Les résultats ont montré une faible sensibilité des efforts de coupe suivant l'état métallurgique du matériau. Trois comportements différents ont été observés avec la vitesse de coupe. L'évolution de l'intégrité de surface en fonction des paramètres de coupe a été quantifiée par l'analyse de l'état de surface et des contraintes résiduelles. L'état de surface est amélioré pour de faibles avances, pour une dureté de 55 HRc et avec la présence de carbures. Une dureté élevée et l'absence de carbure ont tendance à générer des contraintes superficielles de plus en plus en compression. Des essais complémentaires en coupe orthogonale ont permis d'examiner les aspects thermiques, par caméra CCD-Proche Infrarouge, de la zone de coupe. De plus, l'analyse des copeaux et des couches blanches a été menée. Il est montré que la présence des carbures fait augmenter la température de l'émergence de la zone de cisaillement secondaire alors qu'elle fait diminuer la température de l'émergence de la zone primaire de cisaillement. L'existence de la couche blanche sur la face arrière des copeaux et sur les surfaces usinées a été établie. Il est montré qu'elle est d'autant plus intense pour des vitesses élevées et plus homogène pour l'état métallurgique sans carbure. Un cisaillement très localisé et une élévation de la température favorisent son apparition. Enfin, nous expliquons ces influences à travers une comparaison des résultats obtenus avec ceux de l'étude comportementale.

La rectification est un procédé de fabrication indispensable à la réalisation de pièces nécessitant des états de surface de qualité. C'est aussi un des procédés les plus complexes car il fait intervenir de nombreux domaines de la physique dont les interactions sont aujourd'hui encore mal maitrisées. Ainsi, plusieurs endommagements (brûlures, fissures,...) générés par le contact de la meule sur la pièce usinée peuvent apparaître. Ces phénomènes liés aux apports d'énergie thermique et mécanique de la meule à la pièce ont des origines diverses (transformations métallurgiques, dilatation ...). Dans un souci d'optimiser ou d'améliorer la productivité du procédé de rectification, la mesure, la compréhension et la prédiction de ces phénomènes sont alors nécessaires. Dans ces travaux, de nombreux axes de recherche autour du procédé de rectification sont traités. L'utilisation de techniques actuelles comme la mesure de température par thermographie ou de contraintes résiduelles par diffraction des rayons X a permis de déterminer de nouveaux modèles expérimentaux. Ces résultats montrent notamment le faible effet de la lubrification sur la température maximale atteinte pendant le procédé. La prédiction des endommagements passe ensuite par la simulation par éléments finis du procédé. Face aux différents chargements thermodynamiques présents au niveau du contact entre meule et pièce, une approche globale est utilisée couplée avec une méthode inverse sur les résultats expérimentaux. L'originalité est également apportée par la prise en compte numérique des transformations métallurgiques ce qui s'est révélé comme indispensable pour une modélisation proche de la réalité.

The thesis deals with the wear of replaceable inserts during the turning of structural hardened steel. The theoretical part describes a brief characteristic of turning technology, force loading on tools and tools used in turning. Moreover, it contains an analysis of the chemical composition of the machined material, its microstructure and microhardness. Machines and equipment used for the experiment and their specifications. The experimental part of the thesis describes the method of measuring and evaluating of tool wear, followed by the cutting tests themselves, documenting of the result and their evaluation. The conclusion of the thesis is the processing of measured data, the evaluation of achieved results and the proposal of further steps to improve the process.

This Master's thesis deals with the issue of high-speed turning of the 100Cr6 material. The aim is to identify and experimentally validate an innovative production process for a particular component. The thesis includes theoretical basis of high-speed machining, analysis of the current state of the manufacturing process, innovation design and experimental verification. At the end of the thesis, parameters of the machined surfaces of specimens are evaluated.