Polarized helium-3 is used as a contrast agent for lungs magnetic resonance imaging that has recently reached the pre-clinical applications. One method to hyperpolarize 3He is the metastability exchange optical pumping (MEOP). Optical pumping is performed in standard conditions at low pressure (~ 1 mbar) and low magnetic field (~ 1 Gauss). In this work, the complete update of a low field polarizer dedicated to small animal lungs imaging is presented. The implementation of a new 10 W laser, new peristaltic compressor and others components resulted in a production of 3-4 scc/min for a polarization between 30 to 40%. Images of rat lungs made with better resolution and a new dynamic radial sequence are presented as a validation of the system. Since few years, MEOP has also been studied at higher pressures and higher magnetic fields in small sealed cells. It showed that, thanks to hyperfine decoupling effect induced by high magnetic field, it was also possible to efficiently polarize at higher pressure (67 mbar). Experiments done at 4.7 and 1.5 T are reported in this work. The first ones show a benefic (higher polarization values) and a negative effect (lower production rates) of the magnetic field. The seconds highlight the advantage of using an annular beam shape of the laser that matches the distribution of 23S state atoms at higher pressure. Nuclear polarization values of 66.4% at 32 mbar and 31% at 267 mbar were obtained in 20 mL sealed cells and a 10 times increase in the production rate compare to best standard conditions. These promising results were the first motivation for building a high-field polarizer working inside MRI scanner in hospital. The design and the construction of such a polarizer are described in detail in the last part of the dissertation. The polarizer produces hyperpolarize 3He at 30-40% with a 4 times higher flow than the low field polarizer (10-15 scc/min). The first good quality human lungs images made in Poland with healthy volunteers are the main result of this work.

Nous présentons une étude expérimentale et théorique du pompage optique de l'hélium-3 par échange de métastabilité dans un champ magnétique de 1.5 Tesla entre 1 et 67 mbar. Une étude systématique nous permet de déterminer les conditions expérimentales favorables au pompage optique. A 1.5 Tesla, des polarisations nucléaires élevées et des taux de pompage importants sont obtenus à forte pression, ce qui étend le domaine d'applicabilité du pompage optique par échange de métastabilité. Une modélisation réaliste nous permet de comprendre les effets des divers processus entrant en jeu dans la physique du pompage. Nous montrons qu'en dépit du découplage hyperfin, le pompage optique à 1.5 Tesla conserve les propriétés intrinsèques de haut rendement quantique du pompage optique par échange de métastabilité habituel. L'étude comparée des valeurs expérimentales et théoriques de la polarisation nucléaire met en évidence un processus de relaxation de la polarisation dont le taux augmente avec la densité d'atomes dans le niveau excité<br />2 3P et avec la pression.