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According to Hobbes sensation is a process in which the organism responds to the stimulation of objects in the external world. Motion is propagated through the nerves and conveyed to the brain. Endeavour is the reaction of the heart towards the surface of the organism which is produced by the transmitted motion. When a stimulating agent is no longer present certain vestiges of previous sensations remain. Imagination is the reproduction of an image in the absence of the original stimulus, and Memory is the ability to recall the relics of past sensations when the sense organs have ceased to operate. From a psychological point of view Prudence is mental discourse in which recollections of associated sensations in the past are combined with a present sensation in order to predict future sensations. We experience not only single images but whole trains of representations in which one member calls up another according to the laws of Contiguity and Similarity. Some sequences of images are random, in that no desire is involved to direct the flow of images that follow upon a given Image. Other trains of conceptions exhibit a high degree of regularity due to some purpose which controls the associations. Names ordered according to rules of syntax allow us to transcend the level of perception, by operating as substitutes for images. A Name functions as a Mark when it is used to recall any one of a number of similar images, and as a Sign when used to communicate the thoughts of the individual to others. However, general appellations do not denote anything "universal" in nature or in our minds. In the external world the extension of a universal term comprises all those singulars to which it refers. In our minds a particular image which represents indifferently any one of the things designated corresponds to the class term. For Hobbes a proposition is true when the extension of the subject is included in that of the predicate and false otherwise. Error differs from falsity in that it arises when an anticipated fact fails to conform to our expectation. Necessary propositions for him are those in which the subject term is always contained in the extension of the predicate due to linguistic conventions. Contingent propositions are those in which the inclusion of the subject term in the extension of the predicate depends on empirical facts, and is liable to exceptions. On the other hand, type confusions are due to the combination in one sentence of two names which belong to logically incompatible kinds. Such expressions Hobbes sometimes regards as devoid of cognitive meaning and therefore Absurd and at other times as merely false. Attention is focused upon the empirical factor which is present in Hobbes’ thought. This tendency is exhibited in at least two ways; in the first place in his emphasis upon images as the content of the analytical and synthetical methods; and in the second place by his estimation of the reliability of induction, which he describes as Prudential reasoning, in terms of the frequency with which past associations of events have been observed to hold. / Arts, Faculty of / Philosophy, Department of / Graduate

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ITC/USA 2006 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Second Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 23-26, 2006 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / CTEIP has launched the integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry (iNET) project to foster advances in networking and telemetry technology to meet emerging needs of major test programs as well as within the Major Range and Test Facility Base’s. This paper describes one objective of the vNET concept demonstration to provide a test vehicle instrumentation network architecture that can support additional capabilities for data access to the test vehicle. Specifically, this paper addresses the expansion of the current concept demonstration with the incorporation of the IEEE- 1588 standard as the basis for a network time distribution mechanism. Near-term network-based data acquisition systems will likely consist of a mix of standard IRIG 106 timekeeping and IEEE- 1588 timekeeping; in this paper we will examine the ramifications of using the two approaches with the same test vehicle instrumentation system.

ITC/USA 2008 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fourth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 27-30, 2008 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / Synchronization of the iNET communication link is essential for implementing the TDMA channel access control functions within the transceiver MAC transport layer, and providing coherent signal demodulation timing at the transceiver PHY layer. In the following implementation, the 1588 timing reference source is the GPS receiver. Because it is being used in the Ground Station Segment and Test Article Segment, it becomes feasible to utilize the 1588 timing reference for cross-layer (MAC+PHY) iNET transceiver synchronization. In this paper, we propose an unified iNET transceiver synchronization architecture to improve iNET transceiver performance. The results of the synchronization performance analysis are given.

ITC/USA 2008 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fourth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 27-30, 2008 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / The majority of currently operating flight test programs around the world utilize PCM-based airborne instrumentation systems. Most instrumentation engineers are very comfortable with PCM-based data acquisition systems, and feel uncomfortable when talking about network implementations and the adoption of iNET. In order for these engineers to embrace this new technology, migrating from a PCM to network topology must be done in an evolutionary manner that provides for the preservation of capital investment while introducing new system concepts that enhance current instrumentation systems. This paper describes hardware components that enable instrumentation engineers to migrate their existing PCM-based instrumentation system to a network-based system. Several of these components are discussed to illustrate how they provide a controlled migration path to a network-based system. These components include time distribution, gateways, network data selectors, network switches, transmitters, transceivers, and recorders.

ITC/USA 2007 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Third Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2007 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The development of network-based data acquisition systems has resulted in a new architecture for supporting flight instrumentation that has the potential to revolutionize the way we test our aircraft. Unlike conventional flight test instrumentation, networks provide for a two-way communication path between all elements of the system, utilize packetized data, support communication protocols, have dynamic quality of service levels, can be subject to loss of data, utilize asynchronous transmission behavior and provide an even higher level of time synchronization. Different flight test architectures can be realized which combine each of the previous attributes in different ways; finding the best architecture for a set of given applications while minimizing cost and complexity is a very difficult problem. For the last 3 years, the Network Products Division at Teletronics has been involved in the design and evaluation of aircraft instrumentation networks for both customers and the iNET program. This paper describes the result of these efforts by discussing the high-level design of a modular architecture for an aircraft instrumentation network.

ITC/USA 2015 Conference Proceedings / The Fifty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2015 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NV / Digital data distribution systems are widely used in Aerospace and Defense products to allow devices to communicate with one another. In many cases it is desirable to monitor the data traffic flowing between two points in a copper or fiber based Operational or Onboard Network System (ONS) for Flight Test Instrumentation (FTI) purposes because these ONS systems may carry important data which can be used without duplicating/installing a specific FTI data acquisition system to receive this data. The two types of network taps that can be used are Inline Network Taps and network end-point taps. This paper examines the usage of Inline Network Taps for FTI applications and how they can support network access strategies and objectives. An Inline Network Tap is a hardware device which allows access to data flowing across a network. These devices are typically active/powered and have a number of ports: a first tap port, a second tap port, and one or more mirror ports. An in-line network tap inserted between the first and second tap port passes all data traffic through unimpeded but also copies that same data to one or more mirror ports. Some Inline Network Tap devices may also pass packets when the tap is not powered or a malfunction is detected on the device via an integrated by-pass function. If the Inline Network Tap device goes offline the unit automatically bypasses the tap connection and data traffic is directed through the bypass directly to network devices. This capability is crucial for inline usage on mission critical network segments that cannot afford the risk of losing the network connection. An in-line network tap can either be based on copper or fiber technology and as a "filterable" network tap can also provide advanced packet filtering capabilities. These filterable network taps can selectively pass data, e.g., based on VLAN ID or other parameters, to a mirror port for deep analysis, monitoring and recording. Another advanced tap function that is presented in this paper is the support for inserting time stamps at the tap level in monitored packets which provides a reference time when the data content of a given packet was generated at a data source. This capability is a significant feature for FTI applications as most ONS systems do not provide time stamped data.