Plusieurs grandes pandémies de peste ont ravagé l'Europe entre l'Antiquité et les temps modernes. En France, la maladie est demeurée endémique jusqu'en 1670 et semble ensuite disparaître pendant une cinquantaine d'années jusqu'à ce que la peste de Marseille de 1720 rallume la panique qu'occasionnent ces épidémies à forte mortalité et à grande contagion. Si on remonte le cours de l'histoire de Marseille, la ville a connu une vingtaine d'épisodes de peste dont celle de 1720 est le couronnement. En ce début du XVIIIe siècle, non seulement les Marseillais ont-ils une histoire de la peste qui leur est propre, mais ils sont aussi à proprement parler des habitants du midi de la France, bien éloignés de Paris et de l'esprit des Lumières qui s'installe alors dans la capitale. Dans le cadre de cette peur collective qu'amène l'épidémie, ce mémoire veut apporter un éclairage sur les représentations et les réactions des Marseillais face au fléau qui les afflige. L'analyse de récits de contemporains, médecins, administrateurs et membres du clergé permet d'atteindre cet objectif. Le premier chapitre examine la perception et les réactions des habitants de Marseille lorsque la peste entre dans les murs de leur ville. Il importe de voir leur état d'esprit avant que la peste se répande. Les Marseillais connaissent la peste par divers traités et par le vécu de leurs ancêtres. Une culture de la peste existe chez eux. Mais la cité phocéenne coule de beaux jours avant que ne s'abatte le fléau. On se sent en sécurité derrière le Bureau de santé. Alors, lorsque tombent les premiers malades aux troublants symptômes de la peste, la première réaction est le déni. Vient un jour où l'on doit pourtant reconnaître l'épidémie. Le vécu de l'épidémie de 1720 au niveau sanitaire est l'objet du second chapitre. Les violentes manifestations de la maladie, à elles seules, suffisent à créer la panique. On tente de l'expliquer, on la personnifie pour la comprendre. Des milliers de Marseillais, peu importe leur condition ou leur âge, tombent malades et meurent dans tous les coins de la ville et dans les campagnes. La quantité [de] cadavres devient bientôt un problème. Un réel désespoir psychologique gagne les habitants. Mais au travers la douleur physique et mentale, on perçoit bientôt la volonté de plusieurs d'aider les malades, d'assainir la ville, de sauver la cité. Certes, les problèmes sanitaires se déploient sur la ville, mais on se bat pour les dissiper. Cet affrontement et l'efficacité des geste[s] alors posés s'expliquent parce qu'ils reposent sur une culture intégrée de la peste, du moins chez les autorité et dans l'élite. Le troisième chapitre est consacré au vécu civil de la peste, alors que Marseille semble sombrer dans le chaos. Les cadres normaux de la vie n'existent plus. Des abus de toutes sortes sont perpétrés et diverses transgression sociales s'observent. Mais ce chaos n'est qu'apparent puisqu'une lutte s'organise. On prend les précautions nécessaires pour empêcher la peste de faire plus de victimes. Néanmoins, l'épidémie laisse de profondes marques tant physiques qu'au niveau des mentalités collectives.

The title of this study is: The Swedish assimilation of Scania during the period 1658-1720 - In descriptions of Danish and Swedish popular historians` during 20th century to current view. View of history, nationalism and science .                                                                                                                                              The study concerns the Swedish, after the conquest of Scania 1658, attempts to induce feelings of Swedish nationality to the people in former Danish province of Scania 1658-1720. The goal of this study was to analyze 20th century and present Swedish and Danish historians’ descriptions of the Swedish and Danish treatment of the native Scania population. The aim was further to describe this historians` view of native rebellious group called “snapphanar” and which measures were taken to assimilate the Scanian population to Swedish realm. Lastly, the historians view above concerning a presence of a native Scanian regional or national identity was studied.                I studied writings of three popular historians from Denmark and from Sweden respectively. To compensate for the influence of nationalism on historiography, sources from three periods during the 20th and the current century was used.                                            In the attempt to reach these main goals I have analyzed the authors’ books and the Swedish and Danish versions of the website Wikipedia. All the popular historians´ mean that the people of Scania felt national identity, except Åberg which mean that they also had a regional identity. The Swedish scholarship had a big influence of making the native population citizens of the Swedish crown. Also the punishment had a big impact, which mainly affected the partisan group called snapphanar. This is in detail described by Wikipedia. 20th century Danish popular historians` describe the abuses on the natives by the Swedish realm while the Swedish historians mostly describe snapphanars rubies on them.

by Robert M. Freund. / Bibliography: p.61-62.

This thesis sets out to examine and explain the use of India patronage in the government of Scotland from 1720 to 1774. The 1707 Act of Union created a complex and uncertain Scottish political world. Widespread resentment at the 1707 'betrayal' was kept simmering by pro-Jacobite sentiments and frustrations due to economic stagnation. To the Whig ministries in London the 1715 rebellion on top of all the other danger signals was alarming. The turmoil in Scotland seemed to threaten the stability and security of the fragile British state. Walpole believed the danger sufficient to warrant the strongest political management system possible there, using all the patronage that could be brought to bear. Through John Drummond, a Scottish East India Company Director, he was able to procure patronage from the Company and its Shipping interest. In Scotland these India posts were devoted to obtaining electoral support for Walpole's Argathelian backers. John Drummond and Lord Milton, as agents of the Duke of Argyll and his brother Islay, were instrumental in this. Walpole's successors at Westminster and the Argathelians in Scotland conspired to further the use of available India patronage. The flood of India favours continued until 1765 and beyond, pausing only with the implementation in 1774 of North's Regulating Act. The thesis breaks new ground in showing the existence and importance of this India patronage so early in the eighteenth century. Also, by examining the role of the Scots engrossed in the East India Company and its politics in the 1760s and early 1770s their importance as a group is uncovered. They were caught up in the struggle for power and for control of patronage within the Company, as well as that between Parliament and the Company for control of Indian territorial acquisitions.

No description available.

Tendo em vista uma distinção constantemente realizada pela historiografia colonial entre a \"pobreza de São Paulo\" e a \"riqueza do Nordeste\", tomamos este contraste enquanto ponto de partida para a elaboração de uma pesquisa que visa decifrar os papéis econômicos e sociais que as regiões de São Paulo e de Pernambuco apresentavam frente ao Império Colonial português entre 1580 e 1720. Acreditamos que tais papéis podem ser constatados levando-se em conta contextos e atribuições específicos designados a essas regiões no período mencionado. Além disso, a identificação da existência de tais comparações sobre os níveis de vida de ambas as regiões em documentos de época, formuladas pelos contemporâneos ainda entre o final do século XVII e o primeiro quartel do XVIII, pode esclarecer os primórdios das raízes dessas imagens e de seu acentuado contraste. Na verdade, o que se pretende é demonstrar que os conceitos econômicos precisam ser matizados quando analisamos atividades econômicas de regiões que devem ser compreendidas segundo sua importância e seu papel específicos na América / Keeping in mind a distinction made by brazilian colonial historiography between \"São Paulo\'s poverty\" and \"Pernambuco\'s wealth\", we considered this contrast to study the economic and social places that São Paulo and Pernambuco occupied in the Portuguese Colonial Empire among 1580 - 1720. We believe that these \"places\" must been studied looking on the specific colonial regions\' contexts and atributions. Moreover, through the identification of comparisons in colonial documents, written at the seventeen and eighteen centuries, we can throw light on these ideas of \"poverty\" and \"wealth\", because we expect that they were constructed in determined moments in the past. Indeed, we intend to show that the economic concepts must been carefully thought when the colonial regions\' ativities are analysed according to their importance and especificities in America

Tendo em vista uma distinção constantemente realizada pela historiografia colonial entre a \"pobreza de São Paulo\" e a \"riqueza do Nordeste\", tomamos este contraste enquanto ponto de partida para a elaboração de uma pesquisa que visa decifrar os papéis econômicos e sociais que as regiões de São Paulo e de Pernambuco apresentavam frente ao Império Colonial português entre 1580 e 1720. Acreditamos que tais papéis podem ser constatados levando-se em conta contextos e atribuições específicos designados a essas regiões no período mencionado. Além disso, a identificação da existência de tais comparações sobre os níveis de vida de ambas as regiões em documentos de época, formuladas pelos contemporâneos ainda entre o final do século XVII e o primeiro quartel do XVIII, pode esclarecer os primórdios das raízes dessas imagens e de seu acentuado contraste. Na verdade, o que se pretende é demonstrar que os conceitos econômicos precisam ser matizados quando analisamos atividades econômicas de regiões que devem ser compreendidas segundo sua importância e seu papel específicos na América / Keeping in mind a distinction made by brazilian colonial historiography between \"São Paulo\'s poverty\" and \"Pernambuco\'s wealth\", we considered this contrast to study the economic and social places that São Paulo and Pernambuco occupied in the Portuguese Colonial Empire among 1580 - 1720. We believe that these \"places\" must been studied looking on the specific colonial regions\' contexts and atributions. Moreover, through the identification of comparisons in colonial documents, written at the seventeen and eighteen centuries, we can throw light on these ideas of \"poverty\" and \"wealth\", because we expect that they were constructed in determined moments in the past. Indeed, we intend to show that the economic concepts must been carefully thought when the colonial regions\' ativities are analysed according to their importance and especificities in America

The title of this study is: The Swedish assimilation of Scania during the period 1658-1720 - In descriptions of Danish and Swedish popular historians` during 20th century to current view. View of history, nationalism and science .                                                                                                          The study concerns the Swedish, after the conquest of Scania 1658, attempts to induce feelings of Swedish nationality to the people in former Danish province of Scania 1658-1720. The goal of this study was to analyze 20th century and present Swedish and Danish historians’ descriptions of the Swedish and Danish treatment of the native Scania population. The aim was further to describe this historians` view of native rebellious group called “snapphanar” and which measures were taken to assimilate the Scanian population to Swedish realm. Lastly, the historians view above concerning a presence of a native Scanian regional or national identity was studied.                I studied writings of three popular historians from Denmark and from Sweden respectively. To compensate for the influence of nationalism on historiography, sources from three periods during the 20th and the current century was used.                                            In the attempt to reach these main goals I have analyzed the authors’ books and the Swedish and Danish versions of the website Wikipedia. All the popular historians´ mean that the people of Scania felt national identity, except Åberg which mean that they also had a regional identity. The Swedish scholarship had a big influence of making the native population citizens of the Swedish crown. Also the punishment had a big impact, which mainly affected the partisan group called snapphanar. This is in detail described by Wikipedia. 20th century Danish popular historians` describe the abuses on the natives by the Swedish realm while the Swedish historians mostly describe snapphanars rubies on them.

Thèse--Basel. / Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: p. vi-vii.

Thèse--Basel. / Vita. Bibliography: p. vi-vii.