Although deception is considered an integral part of daily life (Kashy & DePaulo, 1996) as well as criminal activity, little is known about how individual differences affect the propensity for people to lie in everyday and higher stake situations, and the behaviours they exhibit. Deceptive ability can be impacted by factors of individual differences, stakes, motivation, and complexity (Vrij, 2001). Further, the accurate detection of deceit requires an acknowledgement that such factors can influence veracity judgements. The research reported in this thesis is an examination of how individual differences influence (i) beliefs about deception; (ii) the ability to lie when motivation is increased; (iii) deceptive behaviour when cognitive load is increased; and (iv) how this influences the decision whether or not to lie. Further, the ability of professional lie detectors and lay persons to judge veracity was investigated and compared. In addition, judges' subjective beliefs about the liars' behaviour were compared with the actual behaviour of liars as highlighted in previous deceptive research (DePaulo, Lindsay, Malone, Muhlenbruck, Chariton, & Cooper, 2002; Vrij, 2000). Finally, the relationships between judges' accuracy and confidence, and perceived ability and interview experience were examined. In study one individual differences in the beliefs people have about their ability to lie in everyday life and high stake situations were investigated via self-reports. The findings highlighted that people who are manipulative, are good actors, and manage the impressions they make on others, believed lying to be a more positive experience and that they were good liars in comparison to those who are anxious or sociable. Individual differences in the choice people made to lie (in an interview setting) were investigated in study two with a focus on a higher stake situation. There were overall differences between liars and truthtellers, where liars exhibited fewer smiles, a longer latency time and had a higher speech pitch compared to truthtellers. There were also individual differences found in the exhibited behaviour of liars and truthtellers. Study three investigated individual differences in the behaviours people exhibited while lying (in an interview setting) and their related beliefs (self-reports) concerning the influence of factors such as emotion, complexity and attempted control. The findings highlighted that good actors, manipulative people and impression managers exhibited 'honest' behaviours while lying and reported little arousal while lying, believing themselves to be good liars, whereas anxious and sociable people exhibited 'nervous' behaviours such as stutters and reported experiencing stress and guilt while lying. In study four, the impact individual differences, motivation, veracity, and complexity on deceptive and truthful behaviour was examined (in an interview setting). Differences were found in peoples' exhibited behaviours for all factors which provide interesting implications for the detection of deception. Study five focused on the ability of professionals (police detectives and custom officers) and lay persons to detect deception. This study examined the effects of interview experience and perceived ability on veracity judgements, in addition to demeanour bias, the accuracy-confidence relationship, and actual / believed cues to deception. The findings (amongst others) highlighted discrepancies between how people behave when they lie and how people think liars behave, that confidence and experience does not lead to accuracy in detecting lies, and that the individual differences of both judges and liars influence veracity judgements. The implications of the research findings are discussed in terms of increasing the effectiveness of detecting deception in the future and understanding what makes some people good liars and others easily detectable.

This study examines the use of euphemisation as a politeness strategy in subtitling the American sitcom Friends into Arabic. It draws on core concepts of Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness, such as the notion of face, face-threatening acts and redressive strategies, to explain subtitlers' choices in rendering sequences which are potentially offensive to an Arab audience. The study sets out to examine the extent to which a modified and extended model of euphemisation as a strategic output of politeness can be productively applied in the field of audiovisual translation, and specifically to subtitling from English into Arabic. This involves a critical examination of the treatment of euphemisation in Brown and Levinson's theory in the first instance. A new and more eclectic model of euphemisation is then proposed. The new model draws mainly on two existing models developed outside politeness theory, by Williams (1975) and Warren (1992). To account for euphemistic expressions identified in the data and not covered by the categories proposed in Williams and Warren's studies, two further categories are introduced, namely, semantic misrepresentation and omission. Applying the new, extended model to the data enables the themes and topics most commonly euphemised in the Arabic subtitles to be identified. The model has also proved helpful in capturing recurrent strategies of euphemisation employed by Arab subtitlers in dealing with a range of face-threatening acts, especially sexual references and utterances related to certain distasteful topics such as death, disease and bodily functions

No description available.

No description available.

Modern challenges in forensic and security domains require greater insight and flexibility into the ways deception can be identified and responded to. Deception is common across interactions and understanding how mindset, motive and context affects deception is critical. Research has focussed upon how deception manifests in interpersonal interactions and has sought to identify behaviours indicative of truth-telling and deceit. The growth of mediated communication has further increased challenges in ensuring information is credible. Deception in military environments has focussed on planning deception, where approaches have been developed to deceive others, but rarely examined from counter-deception perspectives. To address these challenges this thesis advocates a holistic approach to deception detection, whereby strategies will be tailored to match context. In accordance with an in vivo approach to research, a critical review of literature related to deception and related areas was conducted leading to the initial development of a theoretical holistic model of deception detection comprising a deception framework and an individual differences (deceiver and target) framework. Following model development, validation with Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) was conducted. Explanatory thematic analysis of interviews conducted with SMEs (n=19) led to the development of meta-themes related to the ‘deceiver’, their ‘intent; ‘strategies and tactics’ of deception, ‘interpretation’ by the target and ‘target’ decision-making strengths and vulnerabilities. These findings led to the development of the Holistic Model of Deception, an approach where detection strategies are tailored to match the context of an interaction, whether interpersonal or mediated. Understanding the impact of culture on decision-making in deception detection and in particular the cues used to detect deception in interpersonal and mediated environments is required for understanding human behaviour in a globalised world. Interviews were conducted with Western (n=22) and Eastern (n=16) participants before being subject to explanatory and comparative thematic analysis identified twelve cross-cultural strategies for assessing credibility and one culturally specific strategy used by Western participants. Risk assessment and management techniques have been used to assess risks posed in forensic and security environments; however, such approaches have not been applied to deception detection. The Deception Assessment Real-Time Nexus©2015 and Deception Risk Assessment Technique©2015 were developed as an early warning tool and a Structured Professional Judgement risk assessment and management technique. The Deception Risk Assessment Technique©2015 outlines multiple ways of identifying and managing threats posed by deception and is employable across individuals and groups. In developing the futures-based approach to deception detection, reactive, active and proactive approaches to deception were reviewed, followed by an examination of scenario planning utility and methodology from futures and strategic forecasting research. Adopting the qualitative ‘intuitive logics’ methodology ten scenarios were developed of potential future threats involving deception. Risk assessment of two scenarios was conducted to show the value of a risk assessment approach to deception detection and management. In conclusion, this thesis has developed a Holistic Model of Deception, explored the links between interpersonal and mediated strategies for detecting deception, formulated a risk assessment and management approach to deception detection and developed future scenarios of threats involving deception.

Gliomas malignos são tumores cerebrais primários, resistentes a vários tratamentos, como quimioterapia, radioterapia, indução de apoptose e cirurgia. Uma alternativa para o tratamento dos gliomas malignos é a terapia radionuclídea. Essa técnica utiliza moléculas radiomarcadas que se ligam seletivamente às células tumorais e nelas depositam dose citotóxica de radiação, provocando a morte das células doentes. A maioria dos protocolos de terapia radionuclídea para tumores cerebrais malignos envolve a administração de peptídeos marcados com radioisótopos emissores -. A substância P (SP) é um neuropeptídeo de 11 aminoácidos, da família das taquicininas, caracterizada pela sequência C-terminal Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2. A SP radiomarcada com diferentes radioisótopos, inclusive Lutécio-177, tem sido descrita e proposta para tratamento in vivo de tumores. A SP é o ligante mais importante dos receptores de neuroquinina tipo 1, superexpressos em gliomas malignos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as condições de marcação de SP-DOTA com 177Lu, a estabilidade do composto marcado e suas propriedades in vitro e in vivo, a fim de desenvolver um protocolo de produção e avaliar o potencial do radiofármaco para terapia de gliomas. As condições de marcação foram otimizadas variando-se temperatura, tempo de reação, atividade de cloreto de lutécio-177 e massa de SP-DOTA e analisou-se a pureza radioquímica das preparações por meio de técnicas cromatográficas. A estabilidade da SP-DOTA-177Lu radiomarcada com baixa atividade de 177Lu foi avaliada por diferentes tempos a 2 - 8 ºC ou incubadas em soro humano a 37 ºC. A estabilidade das marcações com alta atividade de 177Lu também foi analisada na presença de ácido gentísico (6 mg/mL) adicionado após a reação de marcação. As condições de marcação em baixa e alta atividade foram submetidas à avaliação quanto à possibilidade de oxidação do resíduo de metionina, adicionando o aminoácido D-Lmetionina (6 mg/mL) ao meio de reação e posterior avaliação cromatográfica. Estudo in vitro com SP-DOTA-177Lu, radiomarcada na ausência e presença de metionina, utilizando células de glioma humano M059J e U-87 MG, verificou o efeito da oxidação da metionina sobre a ligação às células. Estudos de biodistribuição foram realizados em camundongos Nude com modelo tumoral e em camundongos Balb-c sadios. Obteve-se a maior pureza radioquímica (> 95 %) associada à maior atividade específica de SP-DOTA-177Lu quando o tempo de reação foi de 30 minutos, temperatura de 90 ºC, massa de SP-DOTA de 10 g e a atividade do 177Lu de 185 MBq. A SP radiomarcada em condições otimizadas manteve-se estável a 2 - 8 ºC e em soro humano por 4 horas. Os estudos in vitro demonstraram ligação aos receptores celulares e essa ligação mostrou-se reduzida quando o peptídeo apresenta-se em sua forma oxidada. A adição de metionina combinada com ácido gentísico preveniu a oxidação peptídica e assegurou-se a estabilidade do composto marcado, principalmente com alta atividade de 177Lu, quando se utilizou maior massa de SP-DOTA. Nos estudos in vivo, os resultados mostraram uma cinética de biodistribuição favorável do composto e capacidade de ligação às células tumorais. SP-DOTA-177Lu pode ser uma ferramenta útil para estudos in vivo devido à facilidade de preparação, alta estabilidade e afinidade pelas células tumorais. / Malignant gliomas are primary brain tumors, resistant to various treatments, as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, induction of apoptosis and surgery. An alternative for the treatment of malignant gliomas is the radionuclide therapy. This technique apply radiolabeled molecules that selectively bind to tumor cells producing cytotoxic effect by dose irradiation, and resulting in death of tumor cells. Most protocols for radionuclide therapy of malignant brain tumors involve the administration of peptides labeled with - emitting radioisotopes. The Substance P (SP) is an 11- amino acid neuropeptide, characterized by the C-terminal sequence Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2. The use of SP labeled with different radionuclides including 177Lu, have been proposed for in vivo treatment of tumors. SP is the most important target of neurokinin 1 receptors, overexpressed in malignant gliomas. The objective of this work was to study conditions of radiolabeling DOTA-SP with 177Lu, the stability of labeled compound and in vivo and in vitro, to develop a protocol production and evaluate the potential of the radiopharmaceutical in the therapy of gliomas. The labeling conditions were optimized varying the temperature, reaction time, activity of lutetium-177 chloride and mass of DOTA-SP. The radiochemical purity of preparations were analyzed by chromatographic techniques. The stability of 177Lu -DOTA- SP radiolabeled with low activity of 177Lu was evaluated for different time at 2-8 °C or incubated in human serum. The stability of the labeled with high activity of 177Lu was also analyzed in the presence of gentisic acid (6 mg / mL) added after the labeling reaction. The labeled conditions in low and high activity were subjected to evaluation for the ability to cause oxidation of methionine residue, adding the D-L- methionine amino acid to the reaction medium (6 mg / mL) and subsequent chromatographic evaluation. In vitro study with 177Lu-DOTA-SP, radiolabeled in the absence and presence of methionine, using human M059J U-87 MG glioma cells and, showed the effect of oxidation of methionine on the cells binding. Biodistribution studies were performed in Nude mice with tumor model and Balb-c mice. Highest radiochemical purity (> 95%) associated with the highest specific activity of 177Lu-DOTA-SP when the reaction time was 30 minutes, temperature of 90 °C, 10 g of DOTA-SP, and the activity of 177Lu of 185 MBq. The radiolabeled SP in optimized conditions remained stable at 2-8 °C and in human serum for 4 hours. In vitro studies showed the binding to cell receptors and this binding was reduced when the peptide was presented in its oxidized form. The addition of methionine combined with gentisic acid prevented the oxidation of peptide and increased the stability of the labeled compound, particularly with high activity of 177Lu, when using larger mass of DOTA-SP. In vivo studies results showed a favorable biodistribution kinetics of the compound and ability to bind to tumor cells. 177Lu-DOTA-SP can be a useful tool for in vivo studies due to ease preparation, high stability and affinity for tumor cells.

Gliomas malignos são tumores cerebrais primários, resistentes a vários tratamentos, como quimioterapia, radioterapia, indução de apoptose e cirurgia. Uma alternativa para o tratamento dos gliomas malignos é a terapia radionuclídea. Essa técnica utiliza moléculas radiomarcadas que se ligam seletivamente às células tumorais e nelas depositam dose citotóxica de radiação, provocando a morte das células doentes. A maioria dos protocolos de terapia radionuclídea para tumores cerebrais malignos envolve a administração de peptídeos marcados com radioisótopos emissores -. A substância P (SP) é um neuropeptídeo de 11 aminoácidos, da família das taquicininas, caracterizada pela sequência C-terminal Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2. A SP radiomarcada com diferentes radioisótopos, inclusive Lutécio-177, tem sido descrita e proposta para tratamento in vivo de tumores. A SP é o ligante mais importante dos receptores de neuroquinina tipo 1, superexpressos em gliomas malignos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as condições de marcação de SP-DOTA com 177Lu, a estabilidade do composto marcado e suas propriedades in vitro e in vivo, a fim de desenvolver um protocolo de produção e avaliar o potencial do radiofármaco para terapia de gliomas. As condições de marcação foram otimizadas variando-se temperatura, tempo de reação, atividade de cloreto de lutécio-177 e massa de SP-DOTA e analisou-se a pureza radioquímica das preparações por meio de técnicas cromatográficas. A estabilidade da SP-DOTA-177Lu radiomarcada com baixa atividade de 177Lu foi avaliada por diferentes tempos a 2 - 8 ºC ou incubadas em soro humano a 37 ºC. A estabilidade das marcações com alta atividade de 177Lu também foi analisada na presença de ácido gentísico (6 mg/mL) adicionado após a reação de marcação. As condições de marcação em baixa e alta atividade foram submetidas à avaliação quanto à possibilidade de oxidação do resíduo de metionina, adicionando o aminoácido D-Lmetionina (6 mg/mL) ao meio de reação e posterior avaliação cromatográfica. Estudo in vitro com SP-DOTA-177Lu, radiomarcada na ausência e presença de metionina, utilizando células de glioma humano M059J e U-87 MG, verificou o efeito da oxidação da metionina sobre a ligação às células. Estudos de biodistribuição foram realizados em camundongos Nude com modelo tumoral e em camundongos Balb-c sadios. Obteve-se a maior pureza radioquímica (> 95 %) associada à maior atividade específica de SP-DOTA-177Lu quando o tempo de reação foi de 30 minutos, temperatura de 90 ºC, massa de SP-DOTA de 10 g e a atividade do 177Lu de 185 MBq. A SP radiomarcada em condições otimizadas manteve-se estável a 2 - 8 ºC e em soro humano por 4 horas. Os estudos in vitro demonstraram ligação aos receptores celulares e essa ligação mostrou-se reduzida quando o peptídeo apresenta-se em sua forma oxidada. A adição de metionina combinada com ácido gentísico preveniu a oxidação peptídica e assegurou-se a estabilidade do composto marcado, principalmente com alta atividade de 177Lu, quando se utilizou maior massa de SP-DOTA. Nos estudos in vivo, os resultados mostraram uma cinética de biodistribuição favorável do composto e capacidade de ligação às células tumorais. SP-DOTA-177Lu pode ser uma ferramenta útil para estudos in vivo devido à facilidade de preparação, alta estabilidade e afinidade pelas células tumorais. / Malignant gliomas are primary brain tumors, resistant to various treatments, as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, induction of apoptosis and surgery. An alternative for the treatment of malignant gliomas is the radionuclide therapy. This technique apply radiolabeled molecules that selectively bind to tumor cells producing cytotoxic effect by dose irradiation, and resulting in death of tumor cells. Most protocols for radionuclide therapy of malignant brain tumors involve the administration of peptides labeled with - emitting radioisotopes. The Substance P (SP) is an 11- amino acid neuropeptide, characterized by the C-terminal sequence Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2. The use of SP labeled with different radionuclides including 177Lu, have been proposed for in vivo treatment of tumors. SP is the most important target of neurokinin 1 receptors, overexpressed in malignant gliomas. The objective of this work was to study conditions of radiolabeling DOTA-SP with 177Lu, the stability of labeled compound and in vivo and in vitro, to develop a protocol production and evaluate the potential of the radiopharmaceutical in the therapy of gliomas. The labeling conditions were optimized varying the temperature, reaction time, activity of lutetium-177 chloride and mass of DOTA-SP. The radiochemical purity of preparations were analyzed by chromatographic techniques. The stability of 177Lu -DOTA- SP radiolabeled with low activity of 177Lu was evaluated for different time at 2-8 °C or incubated in human serum. The stability of the labeled with high activity of 177Lu was also analyzed in the presence of gentisic acid (6 mg / mL) added after the labeling reaction. The labeled conditions in low and high activity were subjected to evaluation for the ability to cause oxidation of methionine residue, adding the D-L- methionine amino acid to the reaction medium (6 mg / mL) and subsequent chromatographic evaluation. In vitro study with 177Lu-DOTA-SP, radiolabeled in the absence and presence of methionine, using human M059J U-87 MG glioma cells and, showed the effect of oxidation of methionine on the cells binding. Biodistribution studies were performed in Nude mice with tumor model and Balb-c mice. Highest radiochemical purity (> 95%) associated with the highest specific activity of 177Lu-DOTA-SP when the reaction time was 30 minutes, temperature of 90 °C, 10 g of DOTA-SP, and the activity of 177Lu of 185 MBq. The radiolabeled SP in optimized conditions remained stable at 2-8 °C and in human serum for 4 hours. In vitro studies showed the binding to cell receptors and this binding was reduced when the peptide was presented in its oxidized form. The addition of methionine combined with gentisic acid prevented the oxidation of peptide and increased the stability of the labeled compound, particularly with high activity of 177Lu, when using larger mass of DOTA-SP. In vivo studies results showed a favorable biodistribution kinetics of the compound and ability to bind to tumor cells. 177Lu-DOTA-SP can be a useful tool for in vivo studies due to ease preparation, high stability and affinity for tumor cells.

Much research investigating deception and its detection has focused upon face-to-face communication, but over recent years the variety and extent of new communication media has changed the contexts in which deception might take place. Although work has attempted to characterise communication media, a much smaller body of research exists which has investigated the frequency with which people lie with different media and the detection of deceit under different communication media conditions. Through questionnaires and experimental studies, this work investigated the perceptions that both deceivers (senders) and those attempting to identify lies (receivers) have about communication media and how this relates to their observed behaviour. Results from questionnaire studies suggested that both the characteristics of deception and media influence people's perceived discomfort and believability when lying and the media choices they might make if they are planning to deceive. Some important factors appeared to be the seriousness of the deception, who senders are lying to, and the general frequency with which they use particular means to communicate. Communication media were judged to be similar and dissimilar to each other on a range of characteristics which may impact their appropriateness for deception and lie detection. There was evidence that media used at low frequency in daily life may be more likely to be chosen for deception. In laboratory studies, senders were found to lie more frequently using audio-only media compared to audio-video. There was evidence from experimental studies that detection of deceit was more successful when communication was audio only compared to audio-video. There was little consistent evidence that judgement biases varied between media conditions, but a truth bias was identified in experimental studies. No evidence was identified that interactivity between senders and receivers significantly influenced response biases or lie detection accuracy. A small corpus of messages recorded under audio-video and audio-only conditions were selected for their detectability or believability from two senders, and presented in modified formats to receivers. Stimuli had video removed or introduced, and were presented as audio-only, audio-video, text-only and video-only. The results suggested that detectability of audio-video and audio-only stimuli was dependent upon the condition stimuli were recorded under rather than presented. When messages were only seen and not heard or read, accuracy of lie detection was compromised. There was evidence that judging transcriptions could allow successful detection, but the accuracy of lie detection was typically lower than demonstrated in richer media conditions. These findings may imply that a combination of information channels and/or paraverbal information is important for accurate classification of honesty and lies. Limitations of the studies and directions for further research were discussed.

R.B. Lawrance [and] M.W.P. Strandberg. / "October 3, 1950." / Bibliography: p. 16. / Army Signal Corps Contract No. W36-039-sc-32037 Project No. 102B. Dept. of the Army Project No. 3-99-10-022.

by J. Keilson and L.D. Servi. / Also issued as: Working paper (Sloan School of Management) WP 1994-88 / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 26).