While the rest of eighteenth century Europe, with the exception of England, was subject to- autocratic rule, Poland enjoyed a rare privilege—that of electing the sovereign . In other respects, however, she was not to be envied. Politically she was no longer of consequence except as a pawn in the hands of foreign interests. Her great nobles and lesser gentry alike were content to bask in the remembered glory of past ages; clergymen were, for the most part, lazy, corrupt and ignorant; yeomen had been reduced to serfdom; there was no army to speak of; the towns were in decline; wars had depleted the treasury and commerce and trade hardly existed. Worst of all was a general apathy combined with devotionalism rather than religious fervour, and the spurious belief that God was on the side of Poland and would take care of her whether the Poles helped themselves or not. For some time, however, thinking men had worried about this state of affairs and many wrote down their ideas on the subject. It remained for a Piarist father, Stanislas Konarski, to attack the very root of the evil—bad forms of government in general, and the iniquitous unanimity principle in particular. His four-volume work, "0 Skutecznym Rad Sposobie" ("On Effective Counsels in Government"), which appeared in the 1760's, not only subjected the problem to minute analysis, but also offered a "prescription" for Poland's ills: but by the time the nation was ready to act on Konarski's ideas it had only a scant four years of freedom left. The fruits of his work were seen only after the First Partition. / Arts, Faculty of / Central Eastern Northern European Studies, Department of / Graduate

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OLIVEIRA, Adriana Santos de. Pecuária, agricultura, comércio: dinâmica das relações econômicas no termo da Vila de Sobral (1773-1799). 2015. 129f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em História, Fortaleza (CE), 2015. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-20T12:55:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_asoliveira.pdf: 1089080 bytes, checksum: ae453423c1731d142b89d7a900f8b1e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-20T13:10:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_asoliveira.pdf: 1089080 bytes, checksum: ae453423c1731d142b89d7a900f8b1e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-20T13:10:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_asoliveira.pdf: 1089080 bytes, checksum: ae453423c1731d142b89d7a900f8b1e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Created in 1773 in order to accommodate vagrants and vagabonds who had nowhere to live and work, Sobral village developed an economy based on livestock, agriculture and trade. The interconnection of these activities enabled the development of a mixed economy, which created economic networks between ranchers, farmers and traders, thus forming heterogeneous elite. This was related to a mass of poor and free men who worked the cattle ranches, the farms and small businesses. We believe that these trade relations approached the elite and the poor men, which enabled the recent training in specialized activities, as well as the local business area. This enabled these men would create social strategies, enabling them to act freely in the economy, a profit with their work and generating prospects to be part of Sobral's elite. In our research, we analyzed the working relationships developed in Sobral Village to observe how they occur and how they influenced the personal trajectory of the residents. For this, we use the documents of the Board, which recorded economic activities, realizing the importance of each to the formation of Sobral's population. / Criada em 1773 com o objetivo de acomodar vadios e vagabundos que não tinham onde morar e trabalhar, a Vila de Sobral desenvolveu uma economia baseada na pecuária, na agricultura e no comércio, o que proporcionou o desenvolvimento de uma economia mista onde a interligação dessas atividades criou redes econômicas que ligaram pecuaristas, agricultores e comerciantes, formando uma elite heterogênea que se relacionava com uma massa de homens pobres e livres que trabalhavam nas fazendas de gado, nas lavouras e no pequeno comércio. Esse envolvimento nos levou a pensar a realidade dos homens livres e sem posses na Vila, onde as relações criadas aproximaram elite e homens pobres, principalmente, nas relações comerciais, permitindo aos últimos a formação em atividades especializadas e o domínio do comércio local. Isso possibilitaria a esses homens criar estratégias sociais que lhes permitiam atuar livremente na economia, obtendo lucro com seu trabalho, gerando perspectivas de fazer parte da elite de Sobral. Tendo essas afirmativas como base, analisamos as relações de trabalho desenvolvidas na Vila de Sobral para observar como elas ocorriam e como influenciaram na trajetória pessoal dos moradores. Para isso, utilizamos os documentos da câmara que registraram as atividades econômicas, percebendo a importância de cada uma delas para a formação da população de Sobral.

Diss. : Düsseldorf : 1995. / Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral)--Universität Düsseldorf, 1995. Bibliogr. p. 242-262.

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Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Hispánica mención Literatura

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With the founding of the Paris Conservatory in 1795, a diversity of instructional methods for the teaching of harmony were used. Each theory instructor insisted upon using his own system; some relied heavily upon the theories of Rameau, while others used ideas based on eighteenth century German or Italian theorists. The Conservatory administration, realizing the need to unify theoretical instruction into a single method, formed a committee to evaluate the different harmonic systems available. After considering several treatises, including the theories of Rameau, the committee chose the Traité d'harmonie of Catel as the work best suited for their purposes. This investigation deals with Catel's synthesis of various theoretical principles, concentrating on his concise, often simplistic approach to harmonic theory. The major contribution of the Traité is the classification of chords into two categories: "natural harmony" and "artificial harmony." Catel believed that only one chord exists in harmony, the dominant ninth chord, which he derived from the first nine partials of the overtone series. From this chord, he formed the basic triads of "natural harmony," describing these chords as suspensions ("prolongations") of "natural harmony."