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Thesis (M.A.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1999. / Title from electronic submission form. Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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This thesis sets out to examine and explain the use of India patronage in the government of Scotland from 1720 to 1774. The 1707 Act of Union created a complex and uncertain Scottish political world. Widespread resentment at the 1707 'betrayal' was kept simmering by pro-Jacobite sentiments and frustrations due to economic stagnation. To the Whig ministries in London the 1715 rebellion on top of all the other danger signals was alarming. The turmoil in Scotland seemed to threaten the stability and security of the fragile British state. Walpole believed the danger sufficient to warrant the strongest political management system possible there, using all the patronage that could be brought to bear. Through John Drummond, a Scottish East India Company Director, he was able to procure patronage from the Company and its Shipping interest. In Scotland these India posts were devoted to obtaining electoral support for Walpole's Argathelian backers. John Drummond and Lord Milton, as agents of the Duke of Argyll and his brother Islay, were instrumental in this. Walpole's successors at Westminster and the Argathelians in Scotland conspired to further the use of available India patronage. The flood of India favours continued until 1765 and beyond, pausing only with the implementation in 1774 of North's Regulating Act. The thesis breaks new ground in showing the existence and importance of this India patronage so early in the eighteenth century. Also, by examining the role of the Scots engrossed in the East India Company and its politics in the 1760s and early 1770s their importance as a group is uncovered. They were caught up in the struggle for power and for control of patronage within the Company, as well as that between Parliament and the Company for control of Indian territorial acquisitions.

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Oliver Goldsmith was not only a superior craftsman but also a sincere moralist, an author who created works crackling with intentional satire; the most representative of these works is The Citizen of the World, a remarkably varied collection that contains outstanding examples of the satiric essay. Goldsmith has been established as a satiric author, yet there are some questions of refinement--points involving his method and intent, his relationship to the eighteenth century, and the nature of his work--that need to be answered. The aim of this paper is to clarify these points by systematically analyzing the satiric technique and purpose in Goldsmith's The Citizen of the World, and by characterizing the satiric nature of Goldsmith's collection. The Citizen of the World was published in 1762, a time of change for eighteenth-century satire; consequently, the technique, purpose, and nature of Goldsmith's satire can be determined only by examining his work through an historical perspective, taking into account the influences in both halves of the eighteenth century.Two sections provide the background for this approach: the first defines the elements of satire, and the second traces the rise and decline of major English satire during the eighteenth century. The satiric elements--technique, purpose, and nature--are based on the following points that constitute the working definition of satire for this study: an attack on irrational, inappropriate conduct, the transformation of that attack into literature through selected techniques, and the justification of that attack based on the author's moral judgment. Satiric technique includes form, characters, and rhetorical tools; purpose involves the author's attitude, satiric objects of attack, and norms; and nature encompasses the specific kind of satire that differentiates one period from another, one author from another, making the definition a more sensitive instrument. Once established, these elements are applied to satire written during the English eighteenth century, a period that includes two kinds of satire, one created by the Augustan Age, the other by the Age of Sensibility. Examining the major changes in satire through this method not only illuminates the eighteenth-century satiric tradition but also provides essential background for analysis of Goldsmith's collection.The satire in The Citizen of the World, consequently, reflects various traits representative of each period within the eighteenth century. Those features characteristic of the Augustan Age--the pseudoletter genre, Altangi, assorted caricatures, the rhetorical tools drawn from all four comic theories, the satiric weapon of irony, the quality of critical humor, the intense emotions of moral contempt and righteous indignation, the unacceptable examples of vice and folly, the emphasis on man's responsibility for his own actions, and the normative values-generate satire that is, at least in several respects, moral, moderate, reasonable, amusing, and powerful. Similarly, those features characteristic of the Age of Sensibility--extensive variety and miscellany, the Man in Black, the developing character of Beau Tibbs, the concept of benevolent laughter, the definite tone of amusement and tolerance, the unacceptable examples of affectation, and the general objects of attack--generate satire that is, at least partially, good-natured, tolerant, moderate, amusing, and mild. Taken together, these features from both periods of the eighteenth century account for a satiric work that is Horatian, that is occasionally intense, occasionally moderate, that is, in truth, a blend of two particular kinds of satire, one created by the Augustan Age, the other by the Age of Sensibility.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-06-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_caf_me_fran.pdf: 1084924 bytes, checksum: b1a1442f2ede966b594510137913b68f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O Brasil conheceu, entre os anos de 1808 e 1822, uma empresa com relevante influência sobre a elite intelectual do período, o jornal mensal Correio Braziliense ou Armazém Literário, editado em Londres, fruto dos esforços de Hipólito da Costa (1774-1823), seu criador e único redator. O Correio Braziliense foi criado, segundo seu redator, para apresentar aos leitores o que chamou de Novo Império do Brazil os fatos e reflexões em torno do estado pelo qual passava o imério português e as melhorias das ciências, literatura, comércio e artes e, também, refletir sobre o passado e as conjeturas a respeito do futuro. O principal objetivo do redator era propagar as luzes aos portugueses de todos os cantos, em especial aos habitantes do Brasil, pois, julgava que o estado das ciências e da literatura, principais meios responsáveis para a ilustração, em Portugal e seus domínios estavam muito atrasados. O Correio Braziliense teve uma seção específica para tratar da literatura e das ciências e é sobre este conteúdo que nos debruçamos com o objetivo de entender o papel que ocupavam esses temas, na visão de Hipólito, para o desenvolvimento da civilização no Brasil. Para tanto, além da leitura da seção Litteratura e Sciencias, lançamos mão de uma consulta da bibiografia especializada no periódico e seu redator e da historiografia produzida sobre o período, além das relações de viagem que desempenharam um papel íntimo no projeto de Hipólito da Costa como também a leitura de outros textos e documentos da época. Ao tratar dos assuntos literários e científicos, Hipólito legou aos seus contemporâneos o que acreditava ser os caminhos que os brasileiros deveriam tomar para desenvolver o país e elevá-lo ao status de nação civilizada. / Brasil conoció, entre los años de 1808 y 1822, una empresa con relevante influencia sobre la elite intelectual del periodo, el periodico mensual Correio Braziliense o Armazém Literário, editado en Londres, fruto de los esfuerzos de Hipólito da Costa (1774-1823), su criador e único redactor. El Correio Braziliense fue criado, según su redactor, para presentar a los lectores lo que llamó de Nuevo Imperio de Brazil los hechos y reflexiones en torno del estado por el pasaba el imperio portugués y, las mejorías de las ciencias, literatura, comercio, artes y, también, una reflexión sibre el pasado y las conjeturas al respecto del futuro. El principal objetivo del redator era propagar las luces a los portugueses en todos los lugares, y en especial a los habitantes de Brasil, pues, creía que el estado de las ciencias y de la literatura, principales medios responsables de la ilustración, en Portugal y sus dominios estaban muy atrasados. El Correio Braziliense tuvo una sección específica para tratar de literatura y ciencias y, es sobre este contenido que nos enfocamos con el objetivo de entender el papel que ocupaban estos temas, en la visión de Hipólito, para el desarollo de la civilización en Brasil. Sin embargo, además de la lectura de la sección Litteratura e Sciencias, utilizamos una consulta bibliográfica especializada en el periódico y el redactor y la historiografía producida sobre el periodo, además de las relaciones de viaje que desempeñaron un papel intimo en el proyecto de Hipólito de la Costa, como también la lectura de otros textos y documentos de la época. Al tratar de asuntos literarios y cientificos, Hipólito dejó como legado a sus contemporáneos lo que creía ser los caminos que los brasileños deberían seguir para desarrollar el país y elevarlo al status de nación civilizada.