Up to the Fifth Century the consequences of an action in the form of censure or disaster proved it wrong. The main aim of any activity was to avoid such consequences, resulting in a high degree of conformity to traditional practices and of superstitious fears, which was attacked in the Fifth Century by the Sophists as being a barrier to progress. Rules are not an end in themselves, but serve a purpose sometimes better attained by breaking them, and it is the ability to achieve that purpose by the use of intelligence which promotes success. This was not an attack upon the purpose behind the rules, but a licence to violate the letter of the rule to fulfill its spirit. But this opened the way to a complete repudiation of law and social commitment in the interests of self, which resulted in a counter-attack on intelligence as being subversive. It is however not intelligence itself which is at fault, but the integrity of the individual, and by questioning the sufficiency of traditional practices as guides to action the Sophists laid responsibility for doing what was right upon the individual, which required a developed social conscience. Because with few exceptions self-promotion was encouraged by traditional values, and traditional practices were followed through fear of sanctions, there was, except in Socrates' case, no sense of social commitment. In theory therefore the attack of the Sophists on tradition was subversive, because it abolished the only factor which regulated conduct, but in practice, because traditional values were not easily set aside and the fear of censure and disaster ensured obedience to traditional practices, it had little detrimental effect on standards of behaviour, and this was far outweighed by the more liberal attitude to and deeper insight into human affairs which it fostered.

My thesis is on the epistemology of the sophist Protagoras. Through the reading of Plato' Theaetetus and Protagoras, I have reconstructed (a) Protagorean theory of knowledge, according to which Protagoras is an inter-subjectivist (as far as perceptions are concerned) and a moral relativist (as far as ethical judgements are concerned).In Chapter 1,1 first try to reconstruct the development of Protagoras' life. I list then Protagoras' few (extant) fragments, offering their different interpretations. Lastly, I deal with modern and most recent scholarship on Protagoras, ending the chapter with some considerations about the scholarly legitimacy of my thesis. In chapters 2 and 3, I deal with the Protagorean section in Plato's Theaetetus. Through a detailed (and critical) analysis of Plato's exegesis of Protagoras' maxim "Man is the measure of all things", I first reconstruct the perceptual (and individualistic) side of Protagoras' epistemology and then the ethical (and collective) side of such an epistemology. At the end of chapter 3, Protagoras' theory of knowledge already reveals itself as a rather complete epistemology. Such a (complete) picture of Protagoras' epistemology is reinforced in chapter 4, which deals with the Great Speech (mainly the myth) of the Protagoras. Through a close analysis of the core of the Great Speech, I confirm the ethical and collective reading of Protagoras' maxim that I have given in chapter 3. I end the chapter by providing some (modern) suggestions for taking Protagoras as a more serious epistemologist than he is actually thought of In the Conclusion, I sum up my whole reconstruction of the Platonic Protagoras and of his theory of knowledge, connecting it briefly with some features of fifth-century B.C Greek epistemology and, again, with some modern philosophical tenets.

M.T. Weiss [and] M.W.P. Strandberg. / "December 18, 1950." / Bibliography: p. 16. / Army Signal Corps Contract No. W36-039-sc-32037 Project No. 102B. Dept. of the Army Project No. 3-99-10-022.

iv ABSTRACT GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF LENTIL ( Lens culinaris M. cv.Sultan.1) WITH A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR REGULATOR (MBF1c) AND ANALYSIS OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS KAM&Ccedil / I, Hamdi Ph.D., Biotechnology, Institute of Natural ad Applied Sciences Supervisor Prof. Dr. Meral Y&Uuml / CEL Co-Supervisor: Dr. Ufuk &Ccedil / elikkol AK&Ccedil / AY September 2011, 252 pages In this study, Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation of lentil Sultan 1 cultivar with MBF1c and evaluation of transgenic plants was aimed. The study was initially based on optimized protocol with Agrobacterium tumefaciens KYRT1 strain and pTJK136 binary plasmid. Based on this protocol and transient marker gene expression in embryo apex, 15% stable transformation efficiency was aimed. However limited knowledge about pTJK136 and problem with curing KYRT1 leaded us to use Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58C1 strain and also to engineer an alternative binary plasmid / pPZP101. Hence, scope of this study became construction of a plant binary transformation vector and lentil transformation optimization with C58C1 strain.First plant transformation vector designed in this study was pPZP101ManA-MBF1c. Transformations with C58C1::pPZP101ManA-MBF1c were carried out with a reformulated co-cultivation media. Cotyledonary nodes were isolated from three days old lentil seedlings germinated with phytormone (BAP/TDZ) induction. Isolated nodes were either injured and pre-incubated in co-cultivation media or pre- incubated and then injured prior to transformation. Regeneration and necrosis behaviors of the transformed explants leaded us to the conclusion that explant preparation is the critical step of transformation. And data suggest that explants isolated from 2mg/l BAP, pre-incubated two days in co-cultivation media, injured and transformed performed significantly better scores for necrosis shoot regeneration and callus formation parameters. Transformed explants that survived in subsequent sub-cultures in mannose selection raised shoots. These shoots were grafted and regenerated into plantlets. The putative transgenic plantlets were screened for transgene with PCR. Initial amplification signals fainted and lost as grafts grew. In order to make a diagnosis of this fainting behavior the second plant transformation vector pPZP101ManA- GUSint-MBF1c was constructed and transient GUS expression analysis were made.

ABSTRACT GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF LENTIL ( Lens culinaris M. cv.Sultan.1) WITH A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR REGULATOR (MBF1c) AND ANALYSIS OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS KAM&Ccedil / I, Hamdi Ph.D., Biotechnology, Institute of Natural ad Applied Sciences Supervisor Prof. Dr. Meral Y&Uuml / CEL Co-Supervisor : Dr. Ufuk &Ccedil / elikkol AK&Ccedil / AY September 2011, 252 pages In this study, Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation of lentil Sultan 1 cultivar with MBF1c and evaluation of transgenic plants was aimed. The study was initially based on optimized protocol with Agrobacterium tumefaciens KYRT1 strain and pTJK136 binary plasmid. Based on this protocol and transient marker gene expression in embryo apex, 15% stable transformation efficiency was aimed. However limited knowledge about pTJK136 and problem with curing KYRT1 leaded us to use Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58C1 strain and also to engineer an alternative binary plasmid / pPZP101. Hence, scope of this study became construction of a plant binary transformation vector and lentil transformation optimization with C58C1 strain. First plant transformation vector designed in this study was pPZP101ManA-MBF1c. Transformations with C58C1::pPZP101ManA-MBF1c were carried out with a reformulated co-cultivation media. Cotyledonary nodes were isolated from three days old lentil seedlings germinated with phytormone (BAP/TDZ) induction. Isolated nodes were either injured and pre-incubated in co-cultivation media or pre-incubated and then injured prior to transformation. Regeneration and necrosis behaviors of the transformed explants leaded us to the conclusion that explant preparation is the critical step of transformation. And data suggest that explants isolated from 2mg/l BAP, pre-incubated two days in co-cultivation media, injured and transformed performed significantly better scores for necrosis shoot regeneration and callus formation parameters. Transformed explants that survived in subsequent sub-cultures in mannose selection raised shoots. These shoots were grafted and regenerated into plantlets. The putative transgenic plantlets were screened for transgene with PCR. Initial amplification signals fainted and lost as grafts grew. In order to make a diagnosis of this fainting behavior the second plant transformation vector pPZP101ManA-GUSint-MBF1c was constructed and transient GUS expression analysis were made.

No description available.

This thesis wants to say that Socrates was a teacher of his fellows. He engaged with them through dialogue because he cared for their wellbeing, or as he might have put it: for the state of their souls. He was an intellectual and he had an intellectualist view of people and reality. He felt that right-mindedness was reasonable; and thus he believed that learning and developing understanding brought people closer to being virtuous; to goodness; and so to mental health. Socrates was a philosopher, and he considered this to be the most prudent and exalted approach to life. He taught his fellows how to be philosophers, and he urged them as best he could to take up the philosophical stance. His form of care for others was ‘intellectualist’. He cared ‘for the souls of others’ and for his own with intellectual involvement because he believed that this was the most appropriate way. He had a view of the human soul that produced intellectualist views of what wellbeing is and how it is achieved. He himself was a humble and able thinker, and was fully devoted to being virtuous and to helping his fellows to do the same. This thesis addresses the question of what Socrates did in the agora (his aims) and how he went about doing it (his methodology). Our answer might seem obvious. One might wonder what is new about saying that Socrates was a philosopher, and that he cared for the souls of his fellows and that he urged them to become virtuous. Perhaps nothing of this is new. Nevertheless, we find that making this ‘simple’ statement about Socrates is not that simple at all. We find that in Socratic scholarship there exist a plethora of contrasting voices that make it rather difficult to formulate even such a basic description of what Socrates did. We do not wish to create a novel and different reading of Socrates. We do not think that this is even possible after civilization has been interpreting Socrates for millennia. We do not see innovation for its own sake as desirable. We prefer clear understanding to the eager ‘originality’. Therefore rather, our aim with this work is to defend and clarify a very basic picture of Socrates as an educator. We see this work as clearing away clutter so as to begin our life-long study of Socratic thought and action: by laying a foundation with which we can read Socratic works and discern their meaning.

Orientador: Elizeu Antonio Rossi / Banca: Alice Yoshiko Tanaka / Banca: Iracilda Zeppone Carlos / Resumo: Tendo em vista verificar algumas características essenciais aos microrganismos para serem considerados como probióticos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar *in vitro* de características probióticas do *Enterococcus faecium *CRL183 e do* Lactobacillus helveticus *ssp* jugurti* 416. Primeiramente foi testada a capacidade destes microrganismos em resistir aos pH 1.5, 2.0, 3,0 e 4,0 em meio de cultivo específico para cada espécie. Em seguida foi realizado o teste de sobrevivência ao trânsito gastrintestinal, onde, foram simuladas as condições do estômago e do intestino delgado, determinando-se a viabilidade dessas bactérias frente à pepsina em pH 2.0 e a pancreatina em pH 8.0. A resistência aos sais biliares foi avaliada inoculando o *Enterococcus faecium *CRL183 e do* Lactobacillus helveticus * ssp* jugurti* 416 em meio de cultivo suplementado com 0,1; 0,2; 0,3 e 0,5% de Oxgall. Já para teste de produção da hidrolase de sais biliares, foi vericada a ocorrência da mudança de cor das colônias ou precipitação dos sais biliares taurodeoxicolico e glicodeoxicolico (TDCA e GDCA). No estudo de auto-agregação e coagregação essas cepas foram colocadas separadamente (auto-agregação) e associados (coagregação) e verificada a densidade óptica (*DO*560). Foi testada a produção de substâncias antagônicas pelos dois microrganismos estudado frente a *Escherichia coli* 0157: H7, *Listeria monocytogenes* V2 e *Salmonella Enteritidis *por meio do teste *spot-on-the lawn*.* *Os resultados demonstraram que os microrganismos resistiram a todos os pH. Essas bactérias mostraram também ser tolerantes ao teste de sobrevivência ao trânsito gastrintestinal e também no teste de sobrevivência a sais biliares, porém neste teste, o *Enterococcus faecium *CRL 183 obteve um tempo de retardo menor em relação ao *Lactobacillus helveticus ssp. jugurti* 416. Já os resultados obtidos...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The purpose of this work was to assess in vitro the probiotic characteristics of Enterococcus faecium CRL183 and Lactobacillus helveticus ssp jugurti 416, having as an aim to verify some characteristics which are essential to the microorganisms, in order to be considered as probiotic. Firstly, the capacity of these microorganisms to resist to pH 1.5, 2.0, 3.0and 4.0 was tested in a specific culture medium for each species. Then the survival test to the gastrointestinal passage was done, and the conditions of the stomach and small intestine were simulated, so determining the viability of these bacteria comparing with pepsin at pH 2.0 and pancreatin at pH 8.0. The resistance to bile salts was assessed by inoculating Enterococcus faecium CRL183 and Lactobacillus helveticus ssp jugurti 416 in a culture medium supplemented with 0,1; 0,2; 0,3 and 0,5 % of Oxgall. However, for the production test of the hydrolase of bile salts, it was verified the occurrence of change in color of the colonies, or the precipitation of the bile salts taurodeoxycholic and glycodeoxycholic (TDCA and GDCA). In the auto-aggregation and co-aggregation studies, these strains were placed separately (auto-aggregation) and associated (co-aggregation), and then the optical density was verified (DO560), for completion and adhesion intestinal epithelium was tested Enterococcus faecium CRL183 and Lactobacillus helveticus ssp jugurti 416 with the Escherishia coli 0157: H7. The production of antagonist substances by both studied microorganisms was tested in comparison with Escherishia coli 0157: H7, Listeria monocytogenes V2 and Salmonella enteriotidis, by using the spot-on-the-lawn test. The results demonstrated that the microorganisms resisted to all pH. These bacteria also showed to be tolerant to the survival test to the gastrointestinal passage and also to the survival test to bile salts, though in this test,...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:01:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bedani_r_dr_arafcf.pdf: 613120 bytes, checksum: d031cc68ff60a01cf7493fa3bed1a364 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar a influência do consumo do “iogurte” de soja fermentado com Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 sobre o perfil e atividade metabólica da microbiota intestinal de animais e humanos, de maneira a evidenciar prováveis mecanismos de ação indireta na diminuição do risco de ocorrência de câncer de cólon. Os ratos foram divididos em 6 grupos (n=10): I – animais que receberam ração à base de caseína; II – animais que receberam ração à base de carne + 3 mL/kg peso corpóreo/dia do produto não fermentado; III – animais que receberam ração à base de carne + 3 mL/kg peso corpóreo/dia de E. faecium ; IV – animais que receberam apenas ração à base de carne; V – animais que receberam ração à base de carne + 3 mL/kg peso corpóreo/dia de “iogurte” de soja esterilizado; VI – animais que receberam ração à base de carne + 3 mL/kg peso corpóreo/dia do “iogurte” de soja. Os animais consumiram os diferentes produtos (“iogurte” de soja, “iogurte” de soja esterilizado, suspensão de E. faecium e produto não fermentado) durante 4 semanas do período experimental. Foram estudadas a capacidade de aderência de Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 ao cólon e de sobrevivência nas fezes de ratos, além das determinações de pH, concentração de amônia e composição da microbiota fecal. A sobrevivência desse microrganismo no trato gastrointestinal foi verificada por técnicas de isolamento e identificação a partir do cólon e das fezes dos animais que receberam este microrganismo na forma de produto fermentado (“iogurte” de soja) e cultivo puro. Para a confirmação da espécie E. faecium foi utilizada a técnica de PCR. A composição da microbiota fecal foi verificada realizando a enumeração dos seguintes grupos de bactérias: aeróbios e anaeróbios totais, Enterococcus sp, Lactobacillus spp, Bifidobacterium spp... / The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the consumption of soy yoghurt, fermented with Enterococcus faecium CRL 183, on composition and metabolic activity of intestinal microbiota of animals and humans, and to verify potential mechanisms involved in the anti-carcinogenic action. The rats were placed in 6 groups, distinguished by their diets: for 90 days, group I was given a standard casein-based rodent feed and groups II-VI, the beef-based feed. From the 30th day, groups II, III, V and VI also received the following products: II) unfermented soy product; III) pure suspension of E. faecium CRL 183; V) sterilized soy yoghurt; VI) soy yoghurt. The animals received the different products during 4 weeks. The capacity of E. faecium to adhere on colon and to survive gastrointestinal passage was determined by monitoring rat faecal samples and colon by microbiological and molecular analysis. Species confirmation of E. faecium was performed by PCR amplification. The composition of the faecal microbiota was determined by counting culturable bacteria in the following groups: total aerobes and anaerobes, Enterococcus spp. Enterobacteria, Clostridium spp., Bacteroides spp., Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. Enzymatic activities of b-galactosidase, b-glucosidase and b-glucuronidase were verified in rat faecal samples. Nitroreductase and azoreductase activities were determined in the caecal contents of mice. The culture of E. faecium CRL 183 was tested for antimicrobial substance production by spot-on-the-lawn assay. Forty healthy adult volunteers who were between 40 and 50 years old participated of this study. The subjects consumed 100 mL/day of soy yoghurt (group F) or unfermented product (group P) during 4 weeks. In feces of volunteers enzymatic activities of bgalactosidase, b-glucosidase and b-glucuronidase were verified. The administration of soy yoghurt and pure suspension... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the statistical literacy of 8th grade students and their attitudes towards statistics. Moreover, the relationship between their statistical literacy and attitudes towards statistics was examined. The study was conducted in Yenimahalle district of Ankara in the Spring semester of 2011-2012 academic year. The sample of this study was obtained through cluster random sampling. Nine schools were randomly selected for the study. A total of 1074 eighth grade students in these schools participated. The scales used in the data collection were Statistical Literacy Test (SLT) adapted from Probability Attitudes Scale previously developed for Turkish students (Bulut, 1994) and Attitude towards Statistics Questionnaire (ATSQ) developed by the researcher based on Watson&rsquo / s (1997) three tier framework. The analysis of the mean scores of statistical literacy in terms of content domains revealed that although sample, graphs, and chance contents had closer mean scores to each other which was around moderate value / average, inference, and variation content domains had lower mean scores. A one-way within subjects ANOVA indicated that there were significant differences between Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 aspects of statistical literacy. The pairwise comparisons indicated that students performed lowest in third tier of statistical literacy where students were required to evaluate inappropriate statistical claims. Although, students performed slightly higher in the first tier where they showed their ability in understanding statistical terminology / their performance was the highest in the second tier which was interpreting statistical claims in context. Eighth grade students&rsquo / attitudes towards statistics were positive with a mean score of 3.52 in five point scale. The correlation analysis indicated that there were positive and significant relationship between students&rsquo / attitudes towards statistics and statistical literacy scores.