The title of Walter Houghton's recent article, "Arthur Hugh Clough: A Hundred Years of Disparagement", could not fail to strike any reader familiar with the general tone and subject matter of the major criticism which has appeared on Clough to the present day. Most of the studies have been in the nature of personal appreciations and have dealt primarily with Clough as a man. Even the more scholarly and objective studies which have been published lately have failed to treat his poetry in any comprehensive way, but have tended, rather, to emphasize one aspect of Clough and then have referred briefly to certain poems which support a thesis. There has been no noteworthy attempt to subject his poetry to a close textual analysis in order to determine if any general principle underlies it. For this reason, I have been primarily concerned in this study with examining the poetry of Arthur Hugh Clough to assess the presence in it of what I have called the dialectical principle—the way in which his most characteristic approach to experience is carried over into his poetry and finds expression in theme, mood, tone, form, imagery and characters. Chapter II discusses the presence of the dialectical element in the theme of Clough’s poetry—particularly in the poems which deal with religion, in those which attempt to answer the unanswerable questions, why man is here, how he should live while here, and if he will continue to exist in some form after death, and in those which probe the nature of love. Chapter III examines the way in which the dialectical principle is reflected in juxtaposed moods, in the tone, and in the external form of Clough’s poetry. And, finally, Chapter IV considers imagery and characters, the imaginative and dramatic embodiment of the dialectic in themes dealt with in Chapter II. The study concludes with the suggestion that Clough, for the most part, did not succeed in solving his intellectual and spiritual problems and in conveying the solution through his poetry. For the poems here analyzed, with perhaps the exception of "Easter Day, Part II," record his failure to cross "the darkling plain" and find some new light of truth which would satisfy him both emotionally and intellectually. In many of them, the dialectic exists as unresolved debate when Clough, unable to find an intellectual synthesis, concludes with an admission of defeat or with the decision to wait for some further revelation of Truth. At other times, when his desire for certainty will not permit him to let the dialectic end in an impasse, he is forced to shift the terms of the debate and to "synthesize" his intellectual difficulties in a realm of pure feeling or on an ideal plane. Thus, the conclusion becomes an emotional, rather than an intellectual solution—usually one in which Clough ends by trusting an undefined "larger hope," when he is unable to answer the problem posed by rational means. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

SANTOS, Paulo Cesar dos. Produtos da terra: tempo, espaço e técnica nas exposições industriais (1861-1922). 2016. 300f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em História Social, Fortaleza (CE), 2016. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-25T17:27:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_pcsantos.pdf: 3585705 bytes, checksum: c0a169d5f28bc25ff456bb93867b3fcd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-26T16:56:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_pcsantos.pdf: 3585705 bytes, checksum: c0a169d5f28bc25ff456bb93867b3fcd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T16:56:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_pcsantos.pdf: 3585705 bytes, checksum: c0a169d5f28bc25ff456bb93867b3fcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar as Exposições Universais enquanto dispositivo de propagação de um determinado modelo de modernidade, do qual o Brasil pretendia partilhar. As Exposições Industriais, tanto em nível nacional quanto regional, que eram preparatórias para os eventos realizados na Europa e/ou Estados Unidos, buscavam criar mecanismos que permitissem ao país estar em sintonia com a ideia de progresso propalada no século XIX e inícios do XX. Ao buscar se comparar com os países de capitalismo mais avançado, o Brasil, ao mesmo tempo em que mostrava suas particularidades enquanto nação tropical, realçava seus descompassos tecnológicos. A pretensa unificação das diversas economias dentro da lógica do capitalismo liberal, e depois do imperialismo, praticado nas décadas finais do século XIX, levou para dentro de uma estrutura política países das mais variadas matizes culturais e dos mais variados tempos produtivos. Buscamos entender como o Brasil, usando das Exposições Universais, participava e se diferenciava nesse cenário político. / Cette thèse propose une recherche sur les Expositions Universelles en tant que dispositif de diffusion d’un certain modèle de modernité auquel le Brésil avait la prétention de s’insérer. Les Expositions Industrielles, soit au niveau national soit au niveau régional (dans les deux cas, ces expositions fonctionnaient comme une préparation aux événements internationaux qui se passaient en Europe et/ou aux États-Unis), s’engageaient à la création des mécanismes qui permettaient le Brésil d’être en accord avec l’idée de progrès en vigueur pendant le XIXe siècle et le début du XXe siècle. En se comparant aux pays au capitalisme plus avancé, le Brésil mettait en évidence ses particularités en tant que nation tropicale, mais aussi finissait par rehausser ses difficultés en termes de technologie. La logique du capitalisme libéral et ensuite celle des empires coloniaux, pendant les dernières décennies du XIXe siècle, avaient le but d’amener plusieurs pays avec ses multiples caractéristiques culturelles et temporalités vers un seul système d’économies unifiées. On a essayé de comprendre comment le Brésil, à partir des Expositions Universelles, s’insérait et se différenciait dans ce scénario politique et économique.

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The central thesis of this work is that Cunningham's life and work must be understood in terms of his struggle to defend and promote the principles of the Reformation in response to numerous challenges from Church and State. Cunningham's responses to these challenges are presented in a biographical study, chronologically examining his life, thought and controversies. This biography presents a theological history of his life, incorporating social and political history only where needed for contextual purposes. An examination of letters, pamphlets, contemporary periodicals and newspapers reveals a far 1nore nuanced portrait of William Cunningham than previously acknowledged and one that recognizes to a greater extent the significant contributions of this nineteenth-century minister, Churchman, Professor, and Principal. His was a life of controversy, as he attempted to recover the theology of the Reformers and to advance the mission of evangelicalism. In chapter one, Cunningham, as a student, transitions within the Church of Scotland from Moderatism to Evangelicalism, and wages his first major controversy, fighting to improve the Edinburgh Divinity library. In chapter two, Cunningham, as a minister in Greenock, confronts the Rowites, then challenging the Westminster Confession of Faith. In chapter three, Cunningham battles Scottish Dissenters, Moderates, and the State over the nature of the Church, during the Ten Years' Conflict. In chapter four, Cunningham fights to establish the Free Church of Scotland, but his efforts to strengthen ties with evangelicals throughout Christendom brings opposition from abolitionists, other denominations, and Free Church ministers. In chapter five, Cunningham opposes Roman Catholicism and efforts within his denomination to build additional theological colleges. In chapter six, Cunningham enjoys a respite from controversy, concentrating on New College and contributing articles defending the Reformers and their theology.

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This thesis addresses the question of identity from the perspective of Rudolf Steiner and Waldorf Education attempting to make a connection between Steiner's theory of self development in relation to the spiritual world, and the postmodern concept of identity. Fundamentally, what matters in education for Steiner is how knowledge is introduced in such a way as to become organic, developing with the growth of the students, so that they can learn to think creatively and imaginatively. The holistic and artistic approach which Waldorf Education takes seems to succeed in developing students' identity in a way that the students can connect strongly and meaningfully with the community, society, and the universe. The thesis explores the philosophy and strategies adopted in Waldorf Education in its goal of developing the self and identity. In addition, the study examines the benefits which Waldorf Education can provide to contemporary public education and identifies the challenges it faces in the postmodern context.