Using a stack of multiwire proportional chambers with interspersed absorbers, the ranges and directions of low energy pions and muons have been measured. By simultaneously determining both the directions of negative muons incident upon and scattered from thin sheets of galvanized steel, aluminum, and polyethylene, and the ranges of these muons in the proportional chamber stack, their multiple scattering as a function of energy has been obtained. The measured rms projected multiple scattering angle was fitted to a linear function of the values predicted by the Moliere theory: θ^proj_rms (expt.) = C[θ^proj_rms(theor.)] ± D. The results were C = 0.861 ± 0.012, D = 0.219° ± 0.176° for galvanized steel (thickness 0.608 gm/cm²); C = 1.05 ± 0.05, D = -0.148° ± 0.126° for aluminum (0.429 gm/cm²); and C = 1.02 ± 0.06, D = 0.259° ± 0.086° for polyethylene (0.297 gm/cm²). Also the range distributions of positive muons and positive and negative pions at various energies were measured, and the mean range and range straggling (deviation about the mean) were obtained and compared with the calculations of Janni •. The percent differences between the actual incident energies (measured in a magnetic spectrometer) and those calculated from the mean range were 2.37% for 39.32 MeV µ⁺, 1.31% for 37.62 MeV π⁺, 0.608% for 33.00 MeV π⁺, 0.303% for 33.00 MeV π⁻, and 0.854% for 37.62 MeV π⁻. These results are all within the expected accuracy of the range calculations~ The ratios of the observed to the predicted range straggling for the corresponding particles and energies were 1.00, 1.20, 1.40, 1.40, and 1.20. The straggling of pions may appear to be 20-40% larger than range theory predicts perhaps because of the. effects of the strong interactions of pions with the nuclei of atoms in the stopping material. / Ph. D.

The energy metabolism of three strains of Camplyobacter fetus (i.e., C. fetus ss. fetus 482, C. fetus ss. intestinalis PB1, and C. fetus ss. jejuni H840) was investigated. A biphasic culture technique was employed to grow the culture, and from which crude cellular extracts were prepared. The growth of the organisms was extremely slow when a basal medium (BM) was used. At a level of 0.5% carbon source in BM, the growth of 482 was stimulated by glucose, lactate and acetate; citrate showed no effect. The growth of PB1 was stimulated by lactate and acetate; glucose had no effect and citrate inhibited the growth slightly. The growth of H840 was stimulated by glucose and citrate; acetate had no effect. All enzyme assays were performed at 25 C in a Perkin-Elmer model 124 double beam spectrophotometer. The reaction mixture was 3 ml which contained the appropriate substrate, cofactors and properly diluted crude cellular extract. The specific activity of an enzyme was defined as µmoles of substrate transformed per minute per mg of protein. When the strains of C. fetus were grown in an enriched medium, the citric acid cycle was actively operating except that α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase was undetectable in 482 and PB1, and very weak in H840. The interruption in the cycle was supported by the reaction of isocitrate lyase which is a key enzyme of the glyoxylate bypass, and was found in the three strains. Malate synthase was not detectable in either of them, but can be induced by growing the organisms in BM + 0.5% glucose or 0.5% acetate. No pyruvate dehydrogenase was found in either strain. Pyruvate was carboxylated by pyruvate carboxylase in H840 and by malic enzyme in 482 and PB1. All of them contained the activities of aspartase and glutamate dehydrogenase. Glucose was not assimilated by C. fetus. α-methyl-D-glucoside was not absorbed by C. fetus 482 which was grown in the BM with or without glucose. It is believed that 482 does not possess a glucose permease system or that such a system can not be induced by growing the organism in a medium containing glucose. Furthermore, free glucose was not phosphorylated in 482 by glucokinase or acetylphosphate: hexose phosphotransferase. The activities of 6 key enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway were all found in 482; therefore, the pathway is actively operating and presumably served as a synthetic scheme for the formation of hexose phosphate in the organism. The oxidative portion of both the hexose monophosphate pathway and phosphoketolase pathway, and the entire Entner-Dudoroff pathway were not found in 482. But the non-oxidative portions of the former pathways were present in 482 and is believed to compose the major pathway of pentose-5-phosphate metabolism in this organism. There were activities of lactate dehydrogenase, reduced NAD and NADP dehydrogenases, and phosphotransacetylase found in 482. No ribokinase and gluconokinase were detectable in this organism. / Ph. D.

High resolution liquid chromatographic methods have been developed for the determination of nucleotide pools at the nanogram level in four representative species of ascomycetes (P. citrinum, A. niger, F. moniliforme, and C. herbarum). Nucleotides were extracted from the mycelial mat in high yield with 10% (weight/volume) trichloroacetic acid, and then preseparated from interfering polysaccharides, glycoproteins, etc., on a Biegel P-2 column with double distilled water elution. Resolution of some 18 nucleotides from each fungal species is accomplished on AS-Pellionex-SAX pellicular anion exchanger using a high pressure liquid chromatograph. Identification of nucleotides was by comparing peak retention times; by differential ultra-violet absorption with two detectors in series at selected wavelengths; and by acid or enzymatic hydrolysis with product identification by liquid chromatography. Growth curves of the four fungi in liquid medium were monitored at 1-2 day intervals until growth stopped (~10 days). Pyrimidine bases were present in higher molar concentration than purines by a factor of at least three, with uridine nucleotides often representing 60- 80 mole percent of the total nucleotides. Extractable cytidine nucleotides are in negligible concentration in these species. Uridine diphosphoryl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside dominates all other nucleotides throughout the growth cycles of all four species, representing 30-60% of all nucleotides present. A rapid quantitative procedure using high pressure liquid chromatography is developed for determining the percentage of guanine plus cytosine of DNA preparations after acid hydrolysis in 88% formic acid. As little as 10 μg DNA are amenable to this analysis. Although thymine is sometimes poorly resolved from impurities at the solvent front, percentage of G plus C was found to be accurately determined simply from the ratio of concentrations from C/(A+C) or (G+C)/(2A+G+C). The HPLC method gave values for the percentage G plus C in close agreement with the thermal melting point and buoyant density values determined for the DNA of ten bacterial species and two fungi isolated for this study. / Ph. D.

The finite element theory, in conjunction with Galerkin's residual method, was used to mathematically route overland and channel flow. This numerical procedure was applied to the kinematic equations of one-dimensional transient flow in open channels. A one-dimensional finite element scheme was used to simulate overland flow over the watershed and open channel flow in the main streams, after a finite element grid had been devised for both the watershed and the streams. Rainfall excess, the major input parameter, was obtained as a function of rainfall, depending on soil properties and existing land-use conditions across the watershed, The model was tested and calibrated on a natural watershed, The nature of the finite element procedure allowed changes in land-use to be easily incorporated into the model. The effect of several arbitrary land-use changes upon the response of the river under flood conditions was observed. The effect of changes in the number and size of the elements in the watershed and the streams was also observed along with changes in the size of the time increment. / M. S.

The effect of oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) and oxygen concentration on the outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum type E spores was studied. An airtight flask containing electrodes for continuous measurement of Eh and pH and attached tubing for the exchange and mixing of various gases (i.e. prepurified nitrogen, anaerobic carbon dioxide, hydrogen, oxygen) were utilized. Prereduced media and anaerobic procedures were employed to insure controlled conditions and reproducible results. Eh measurements were made of Trypticase Soy Broth containing several concentrations of the following reducing agents which are listed in what was found to be the order of their reducing intensities: sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, 2-mercaptoethanol, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium thioglycolate, and ascorbic acid. Outgrowth of C. botulinum type E spores was shown to be directly related to a low Eh and a low concentration of added reducing agent. Outgrowth and Eh changes were measured in the electrode vessel described above for several growth conditions. Eh levels in the media were poised by sparging prereduced media with nitrogen gas or 0.1% oxygen in nitrogen gas or by sparging with nitrogen gas in oxidized media (media which was autoclaved under air). Under uninhibited growth conditions there were no significant growth differences between the oxidized (Eh = -80 mv), oxygen poised (Eh = -80 mv), and reduced (Eh = -190 mv) media. However, inhibition by sodium chloride (3.5% and 4.0%), hydrogen ions (pH 5.11 and 5.05), and sucrose (30% and 35%) revealed an increased lag phase and a decreased maximum absorbance for growth in the oxidized medium compared to growth in the reduced medium. Media poised by dissolved oxygen also exhibited retarded growth when compared to the reduced media. The addition of exogenous hydrogen gas to the media reduced or eliminated the growth and lag time differences described above for sucrose inhibition. It was shown that the Eh drop observed during growth of the test organism probably occurred during emergence and outgrowth of the spores and not during germination. In addition, this drop was coincident with the production of metabolic hydrogen gas by the organism. Data indicated that the presence of hydrogen gas in the medium would reflect an artificially low potential as a result of the local ionization of the hydrogen at the platinum tip of the Eh measuring electrode. This effect may obscure any actual reducing in Eh. An increased lag phase was observed when a small inoculum (10² spores/ml) was used compared to a large inoculum (10⁴ spores/ml). This difference in lag was similar to that observed between the reduced and the oxidized or oxygen poised media. It is hypothesized that the variations in growth are due to a distribution of sensitivity within each spore inoculum population to adverse conditions (e.g. low pH, high sucrose, high salt, high Eh). / Ph. D.

The purpose of this study was (1) to determine the degree of agreement among three role-defining groups concerning their perception of actual and ideal role behavior ascribed to the Director of Adult Education and (2) to determine the degree of agreement within each role-defining group concerning their perception of actual and ideal role behavior ascribed to the Director of Adult Education. The three role-defining groups were Deans of Instruction, Directors of Student Personnel Services, and Directors of Adult Education. The six role areas associated with the position of Director of Adult Education were: Planning, Organizing, Promoting, Supervising, Managing, and Controlling. A two-part questionnaire consisting of 58 role behavior statements, divided among the six role areas, was mailed to each of 48 members of the reference group. Forty-three responded to the questionnaire. Each individual was asked to select the category for each statement that best reflected his perception of the regularity with which the director actually performed the behavior. This same request was made regarding his perception of the desirability of the behavior. The results of the study indicated a significant degree of disagreement between the three role-defining groups in the areas of promoting, supervising, and managing for actual role behavior. A significant degree of disagreement existed between the three role-defining groups in the area of managing for ideal role behavior. Directors of Adult Education perceived a significant degree of difference between actual and ideal role for planning, organizing, supervising, and controlling. Deans of Instruction perceived a Significant degree of difference between actual and ideal role behavior for planning, promoting, supervising, and controlling. Directors of Student Personnel Services perceived a significant degree of difference between actual and ideal role behavior for planning, organizing, promoting, supervising, and controlling. Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were made: (1) the study should be replicated to add validity to the research procedure and methodology; (2) similar studies should be conducted to identify new and emerging roles of directors of adult education; (3) a comparative study would appear useful to determine if similar patterns of behavior emerge regardless of the setting. Other recommendations included: communication workshops within the institution, other studies that would include additional role-identifiers, technical institutes, four-year colleges, and more variables, and comparative studies dealing with specialized personnel within the field of adult education. / Ed. D.

An analysis is presented of the main, superharmonic, subharmonic, combination and internal resonances in a weakly nonlinear system having many degrees of freedom. The system has cubic nonlinearities, modal linear viscous damping and is subject to harmonic excitations. The method of multiple scales, a perturbation technique, is used to develop a unified method for the study of the various resonances. The effects of an internal resonance are explored in depth. The first approximation obtained by the method of multiple scales extracts the dominant features of the response and expresses them in terms of elementary functions. It is shown that in the absence of internal resonances, the steady-state response can contain only the modes which are resonantly excited. In the presence of an internal resonance, modes other than those that are resonantly excited can appear in the response. The usefulness of the method developed in this work in providing clarity and insight into nonlinear phenomena is illustrated by applications to the nonlinear vibrations of beams and circular plates. Numerical examples show that the results obtained by the first approximation compare favorably with the results obtained by a numerical integration of the governing differential equations. The numerical examples indicate that a significant transfer of energy can take place from the highest mode involved in the internal resonance to the lower modes but not vice versa. / Ph. D.

The movement of algal nutrients was studied in the Occoquan Watershed. During the period April through September 1973, weekly water samples collected by the Occoquan Monitoring Laboratory were split for chemical analysis and algal growth potential (AGP) assay. Variation in AGP observed between stations indicated that the major source of algal nutrients was sewage treatment plants in the Bull Run portion of the Occoquan Watershed. Chemical analyses, likewise, indicated that the Bull Run waters were highest in phosphate and nitrate concentration. Both phosphate and nitrate concentrations were found to correlate highly with AGP for green and blue green test species. For the green alga Selenaetrum capricornutum, the chemical nutrient most highly correlated with AGP was nitrate, whereas for the bluegreen alga Anabaena flosaquae, total phosphate gave the highest correlation coefficient. A graphic analysis of AGP versus nitrate-nitrogen concentration indicated that Selenastrum yield does not increase with nitrate concentration when orthophosphate concentration is less than 0.010 mg-P/liter. At concentrations greater than this, however, nitrate appears to control the Selenastrum AGP. A similar analysis of Anabaena AGP versus nitrate-nitrogen indicated that nitrate concentration does not affect Anabaena AGP unless the total phosphate concentration is greater than 0.150 mg-P/liter. At total phosphate concentration greater than 0.250 mg-P/liter a definite stimulation of Anabaena yield due to nitrate concentration was observed. The weekly changes in chemical nutrient flux were examined through spring and summer seasons. The nitrate and phosphate loadings of Bull Run, which receives sewage treatment effluent, were found to be high and relatively constant throughout spring and summer. The agricultural region of Occoquan Creek, however, showed high nitrate loadings only during periods of stormflow. At baseflow, Occoquan Creek nutrient loadings were found to be insignificant. A decrease in nutrient content of the Occoquan Creek tributary was observed during summer due to the influence of a small recreational lake in Occoquan Creek upstream from the reservoir. Finally, analysis of material and energy transfer between water strata in the stratified reservoir indicated that hypolimnetic nutrients do not enter the epilimnion at a rate sufficient to cause algal bloom conditions. Storm events were observed to cause mixing of the reservoir and so provided the nutrient concentration necessary for algal blooms. It is suggested that removal of phosphates from all sewage treatment effluent in the Occoquan Watershed will reduce the frequency of blue green algal blooms and allow more effective control with copper sulfate. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this study was to illustrate by using a Planning-Programming-Budgeting System how a centralized technical processing agency could eventually aid in lowering costs and in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of technical services operations, and provide interactive bibliographic means which would permit users to maximize the utilization of the available resources of the learning resource centers in West Virginia's community colleges. Prior to engaging in the application of the components of PPBS to the simulated technical services processing center, a data collection process and a comparative analysis review of the existing technical services processing costs and operating procedures in the learning resource centers were performed. Results of these two investigations provided the data base for determining the comparative costs between the existing processing cost per unit and the PPB System alternatives, and the latitude and compatibility were established concerning which alternatives would be appropriate for the existing technical services processes. Basic policy statements, program structure, program memoranda, program financial plan, and special analytic studies were the components of PPBS which were delineated and used interdependently with the program objectives and alternatives of the technical services processing center. Primary thrust of lowering the unit cost per processed item and providing better service for the users of the learning resource centers was continually re-emphasized. The two recommended alternatives evolving from the PPB System were: (1) the Ohio College Library Center System was recommended for the acquisitions and cataloging functions, and (2) a telefacsimile transmitter-receiver system was recommended for the interactive bibliographic functions. Projected cost per processed item for the OCLC System during the first operating year was approximately $6.171 less than the average cost for processing per item by the learning resource centers during 1973-74. The cost savings would be expected to be greater each ensuing year. With the cost per processed item being reduced or remaining almost steady each year during a period in history when such a financial result would be in direct contrast to inflationary practices, the accountability of the planners of the technical services processing center would be enhanced. The telefacsimile transmitter-receiver system would provide a means for relaying bibliographic information and facsimile copies of various material for users among the three learning resource centers. It would also complement the acquisitions and cataloging functions by providing a method for forwarding ordering and cataloging information to and from the processing center. / Ed. D.

The purpose of this study was to design and validate an instrument suitable for ascertaining student opinions about various economic issues. An initial pool of statements concerning various economic issues was compiled from several sources. This pool was then reduced to seventy-five items. Development of the instrument was then initiated through a pilot study. The seventy-five item pool was submitted to a group of students with no prior formal exposure to economics and not currently enrolled in an economics class. The results were then factor analyzed. The result was a forty item instrument measuring opinions concerning five economic issues. Next, this forty item survey was tested to determine if the instrument would ascertain changes in student opinions after the completion of an introductory economics course. The methodology employed was the use of two groups of students--control and treatment. Each group was administered a pretest and a posttest. Eight student characteristics were considered as independent variables. As a result of the treatment, students changed their opinions slightly concerning selected economic issues. The instrument was sensitive in detecting these small changes in opinions. The instrument also revealed that these opinion changes were related to the following student characteristics: (1) degree of dogmatism; (2) marital status; (3) college attended; and (4) whether or not a student intended to transfer to a senior college. / Ed. D.