M.S.

M.S.

Ed. D.

Ph. D.

Silurian elastic rocks in the area of this study are the Tuscarora Sandstone, Rose Hill Formation, and Eagle Rock Sandstone in southeastern sections and Mifflintown Formation in northwestern sections. Only the Rose Hill Formation and Eagle Rock Sandstone were studied extensively. In addition, the two basal members of the Mifflintown Formation, the Lower Dolomitic Member to the west and the Keefer Sandstone Member to the east, were studied. The Rose Hill Formation is an olive or gray shale interbedded with quartz-rich siltstones and fine-grained sandstones. Hematite-cemented, medium-grained quartz sandstones are common, generally as upper and lower hematitic members. Dolomitic sandstones and shales are rare. The Eagle Rock Sandstone is dominantly a silica-cemented, fine-grained sandstone with few interbeds of gray shale. Some vertically burrowed red beds occur in southeastern localities. This is a newly defined unit that takes the place of the "Keefer" Sandstone of southwestern Virginia and intertongues with the Mifflintown Formation containing the true Keefer Sandstone Member of Maryland and Pennsylvania. The basal members of the Mifflintown Formation which were studied occur in two facies. The eastern facies (Keefer Member) is a buff, silica-cemented, fine- to medium-grained, well-sorted quartz sandstone. The western facies (Lower Dolomitic Member) is a dolomite or sandy dolomite. containing a thin bed of hematite iron ore. The Rose Hill Formation is thinner and sandier in southeastern sections than in northwestern sections where the dominant shales are fossiliferous. The hematitic members thin to the northwest where the upper member pinches out. The Eagle Rock Sandstone is thickest in southeastern sections and disappears by facies change into the Mifflintown Formation in the same area as the pinch-out of the upper hematitic member of the Rose Hill Formation. The Eagle Rock Sandstone is generally in three distinct sandstone units separated by two argillaceous units in its western exposures. A study of the conodonts from carbonates overlying the Eagle Rock Sandstone shows that it contains beds at least as young as upper Wills Creek and in some sections as young as upper Tonoloway of the Wills Mountain anticline. The brachiopod Eocoelia, supported by ostracode data, enables the establishment of a time line at approximately the C₅-C₆ time boundary which occurs near the middle of the Rose Hill Formation. The Silurian elastic units studied are in a symmetrical vertical sequence with beach deposits at the top and bottom, and marine deposits in the middle. These are interpreted as an onlap-offlap sequence of a deltaic complex (called the Giles delta) with the progradation of the delta beginning at about the time of the C₅-C₆ time boundary. The upper Tuscarora Sandstone is interpreted to be a coastal fluvial system deposit reworked by shoreline processes into a beach deposit. The lowermost Rose Hill shales are the protected nearshore deposits behind the offshore bars of the lower hematitic member of the Rose Hill Formation. The middle Rose Hill fossiliferous shales are interpreted to be the normal marine deposits west of the offshore bars. As the onlap changed to offlap at the onset of the deltaic progradation, the offshore bars (upper hematitic member) migrated westward followed by the protected nearshore muds and silts of the uppermost Rose Hill Formation, and the delta-top sands of the Eagle Rock Sandstone. / Ph. D.

Using a stack of multiwire proportional chambers with interspersed absorbers, the ranges and directions of low energy pions and muons have been measured. By simultaneously determining both the directions of negative muons incident upon and scattered from thin sheets of galvanized steel, aluminum, and polyethylene, and the ranges of these muons in the proportional chamber stack, their multiple scattering as a function of energy has been obtained. The measured rms projected multiple scattering angle was fitted to a linear function of the values predicted by the Moliere theory: θ^proj_rms (expt.) = C[θ^proj_rms(theor.)] ± D. The results were C = 0.861 ± 0.012, D = 0.219° ± 0.176° for galvanized steel (thickness 0.608 gm/cm²); C = 1.05 ± 0.05, D = -0.148° ± 0.126° for aluminum (0.429 gm/cm²); and C = 1.02 ± 0.06, D = 0.259° ± 0.086° for polyethylene (0.297 gm/cm²). Also the range distributions of positive muons and positive and negative pions at various energies were measured, and the mean range and range straggling (deviation about the mean) were obtained and compared with the calculations of Janni •. The percent differences between the actual incident energies (measured in a magnetic spectrometer) and those calculated from the mean range were 2.37% for 39.32 MeV µ⁺, 1.31% for 37.62 MeV π⁺, 0.608% for 33.00 MeV π⁺, 0.303% for 33.00 MeV π⁻, and 0.854% for 37.62 MeV π⁻. These results are all within the expected accuracy of the range calculations~ The ratios of the observed to the predicted range straggling for the corresponding particles and energies were 1.00, 1.20, 1.40, 1.40, and 1.20. The straggling of pions may appear to be 20-40% larger than range theory predicts perhaps because of the. effects of the strong interactions of pions with the nuclei of atoms in the stopping material. / Ph. D.

The energy metabolism of three strains of Camplyobacter fetus (i.e., C. fetus ss. fetus 482, C. fetus ss. intestinalis PB1, and C. fetus ss. jejuni H840) was investigated. A biphasic culture technique was employed to grow the culture, and from which crude cellular extracts were prepared. The growth of the organisms was extremely slow when a basal medium (BM) was used. At a level of 0.5% carbon source in BM, the growth of 482 was stimulated by glucose, lactate and acetate; citrate showed no effect. The growth of PB1 was stimulated by lactate and acetate; glucose had no effect and citrate inhibited the growth slightly. The growth of H840 was stimulated by glucose and citrate; acetate had no effect. All enzyme assays were performed at 25 C in a Perkin-Elmer model 124 double beam spectrophotometer. The reaction mixture was 3 ml which contained the appropriate substrate, cofactors and properly diluted crude cellular extract. The specific activity of an enzyme was defined as µmoles of substrate transformed per minute per mg of protein. When the strains of C. fetus were grown in an enriched medium, the citric acid cycle was actively operating except that α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase was undetectable in 482 and PB1, and very weak in H840. The interruption in the cycle was supported by the reaction of isocitrate lyase which is a key enzyme of the glyoxylate bypass, and was found in the three strains. Malate synthase was not detectable in either of them, but can be induced by growing the organisms in BM + 0.5% glucose or 0.5% acetate. No pyruvate dehydrogenase was found in either strain. Pyruvate was carboxylated by pyruvate carboxylase in H840 and by malic enzyme in 482 and PB1. All of them contained the activities of aspartase and glutamate dehydrogenase. Glucose was not assimilated by C. fetus. α-methyl-D-glucoside was not absorbed by C. fetus 482 which was grown in the BM with or without glucose. It is believed that 482 does not possess a glucose permease system or that such a system can not be induced by growing the organism in a medium containing glucose. Furthermore, free glucose was not phosphorylated in 482 by glucokinase or acetylphosphate: hexose phosphotransferase. The activities of 6 key enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway were all found in 482; therefore, the pathway is actively operating and presumably served as a synthetic scheme for the formation of hexose phosphate in the organism. The oxidative portion of both the hexose monophosphate pathway and phosphoketolase pathway, and the entire Entner-Dudoroff pathway were not found in 482. But the non-oxidative portions of the former pathways were present in 482 and is believed to compose the major pathway of pentose-5-phosphate metabolism in this organism. There were activities of lactate dehydrogenase, reduced NAD and NADP dehydrogenases, and phosphotransacetylase found in 482. No ribokinase and gluconokinase were detectable in this organism. / Ph. D.

High resolution liquid chromatographic methods have been developed for the determination of nucleotide pools at the nanogram level in four representative species of ascomycetes (P. citrinum, A. niger, F. moniliforme, and C. herbarum). Nucleotides were extracted from the mycelial mat in high yield with 10% (weight/volume) trichloroacetic acid, and then preseparated from interfering polysaccharides, glycoproteins, etc., on a Biegel P-2 column with double distilled water elution. Resolution of some 18 nucleotides from each fungal species is accomplished on AS-Pellionex-SAX pellicular anion exchanger using a high pressure liquid chromatograph. Identification of nucleotides was by comparing peak retention times; by differential ultra-violet absorption with two detectors in series at selected wavelengths; and by acid or enzymatic hydrolysis with product identification by liquid chromatography. Growth curves of the four fungi in liquid medium were monitored at 1-2 day intervals until growth stopped (~10 days). Pyrimidine bases were present in higher molar concentration than purines by a factor of at least three, with uridine nucleotides often representing 60- 80 mole percent of the total nucleotides. Extractable cytidine nucleotides are in negligible concentration in these species. Uridine diphosphoryl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside dominates all other nucleotides throughout the growth cycles of all four species, representing 30-60% of all nucleotides present. A rapid quantitative procedure using high pressure liquid chromatography is developed for determining the percentage of guanine plus cytosine of DNA preparations after acid hydrolysis in 88% formic acid. As little as 10 μg DNA are amenable to this analysis. Although thymine is sometimes poorly resolved from impurities at the solvent front, percentage of G plus C was found to be accurately determined simply from the ratio of concentrations from C/(A+C) or (G+C)/(2A+G+C). The HPLC method gave values for the percentage G plus C in close agreement with the thermal melting point and buoyant density values determined for the DNA of ten bacterial species and two fungi isolated for this study. / Ph. D.

The finite element theory, in conjunction with Galerkin's residual method, was used to mathematically route overland and channel flow. This numerical procedure was applied to the kinematic equations of one-dimensional transient flow in open channels. A one-dimensional finite element scheme was used to simulate overland flow over the watershed and open channel flow in the main streams, after a finite element grid had been devised for both the watershed and the streams. Rainfall excess, the major input parameter, was obtained as a function of rainfall, depending on soil properties and existing land-use conditions across the watershed, The model was tested and calibrated on a natural watershed, The nature of the finite element procedure allowed changes in land-use to be easily incorporated into the model. The effect of several arbitrary land-use changes upon the response of the river under flood conditions was observed. The effect of changes in the number and size of the elements in the watershed and the streams was also observed along with changes in the size of the time increment. / M. S.

M.S.