In an investigation of the nature of judgements of assertiveness, 20 university undergraduates, three clinical psychology graduate students, and two Ph.D. clinical psychologists observed a series of videotapes of actors engaging in assertive scenarios. Seven variables were rated; eye contact, facial expression, duration of reply, loudness of speech, compliance, requests for new behavior, and overall assertiveness. The ratings of overall assertiveness were designated criterion measures and the ratings of the remainder of the variables were designated predictor variables in a multiple regression analysis. This permitted the generation of individual models, for each judge, composed of those specific variables which accounted for the greatest percent of variance in overall assertiveness. This was felt to reflect the particular strategies or composition of each judge's observation of assertiveness. No two judges' models incorporated the same component variables in the same way. However, two and three variable models for most judges accounted for much of the variance in overall assertiveness (R² from .44 to .99). Thus, while quite idiosyncratic across judges, the limited models thus generated did seem to represent judgement strategies for each judge. Cluster analysis of models similar in ratings of overall assertiveness indicated variability in composition. Even those judges who rated overall assertiveness most similarly evidenced dissimilar models or strategies. With regard to model composition, Male judges' models employed eye contact significantly more frequently than did female judges' models, but accounted for no greater percent of the variance in overall assertiveness. Naive judges'and clinicians' models did not differ in composition, but the clinicians' models did account for significantly greater variance in overall assertiveness. The model generating approach to the investigation of judgements of assertiveness had several advantages over methodologies used previously in the literature. While only a limited number of specific components were presented, judges were still relatively unconstrained in that they essentially specified the compositions of their models. The influence of the investigator was limited in that judges were not trained to rate specific variables in specific ways. For each individual judge a behavioral definition of assertiveness emerged from the data, and was not determined a priori. This was felt to be more analogous to in vivo judgements of assertiveness than other methodologies in the literature. In addition, this approach suggested a potentially valuable clinical application in assertive training. / Ph. D.

This study investigated the relationship between Internal-External Locus of Control and smoking behavior among university students in the State of Virginia. It was hypothesized that smokers would have higher I-E scores than exsmokers and nonsmokers; heavy female smokers would have higher I-E scores than male heavy smokers; light female smokers would have higher I-E scores than male light smokers; heavy female-male smokers would have higher I-E scores than female-male light smokers; smokers not convinced by the Surgeon General's Report will have higher I-E scores than smokers who were convinced; smokers convinced by the Surgeon General's Report and stopped smoking will have lower I-E scores than smokers convinced and continuing to smoke; younger university students would have higher I-E scores than older students; students selecting the education curriculum would have higher I-E scores than students selecting other curriculum areas; and female university students would have higher I-E scores than male university students. Five-hundred-fifteen female and male undergraduate students in the universities of Virginia were administered an information questionnaire and Rotter's Social Opinion Questionnaire. The information smoking questionnaire contained the following seven questions: sex of subject, age, curriculum, grade level, present smoking status, future behavior concerning smoking, and considering the Surgeon General's Report as credible information. Rotter's Social Opinion Questionnaire included twenty-nine questions. The selection of answers was determined by a pair of alternatives lettered 1 or 2 (yes or no) which the students strongly believed to be the case as far as they were concerned. The test was scored in the direction of External Control. The higher the score, the more Externally oriented was the subject. While all the hypotheses were not supported, the results did indicate that female heavy smokers scored significantly more External than male heavy smokers; older university students regardless of sex scored significantly more Internal than younger university students; female and male students in the universities of Virginia are knowledgeable of the linkage of smoking and disease as indicated by their almost unanimous acceptance of the Surgeon General's Report as credible information. Female university students scored significantly higher on the I-E scale than males in several variables. A significant main effect was found for sex of students. There was a significant interaction found between sex and smoking groups with a significant difference found between heavy female smokers versus male heavy smokers. A significant main effect was found for age and sex. Smokers regardless of sex did not score significantly higher than. nonsmokers and exsmokers. Female light smokers did not score significantly higher than male light smokers. Smokers convinced by the Surgeon General's Report and stopped smoking did not score significantly lower than smokers convinced and continued to smoke. There were no interactions found to be significant between sex and credibility of Surgeon General's Report, future smoking plans, and smoking groups. / Ed. D.

Numerous textbook controversies erupted in communities across the nation in the early 1970’s. One objection that protestors frequently voiced. was their belief that reading materials used in English classrooms were "obscene." The purpose of this study was to examine the issue of "obscenity" and its relationship to school books in order to explore the problem of value conflicts in education. Following a discussion of the meaning and importance of values, five areas of controversy were examined in detail: (a) views of the influence of reading certain kinds of material on harmful behavior, (b) interpretations of the concepts of "selection" and "censorship," (c) definitions of "obscenity," both official and unofficial, (d) the impact of obscenity legislation on juveniles, and (e) the controversy over who should select textbooks for use in public schools. The study concluded that it is not known what influence, if any, reading has on destructive behavior. There is little agreement on what constitutes either "selection" or "censorship." The attempts by the Supreme Court to define "obscenity" and set legal standards were fraught with value judgments and are subject to a wide range of interpretations. Though the courts have generally agreed that standards for minors should be stricter than those for adults, what they are or should be is not clear. The question of who should have a voice in making textbook decisions is still vigorously debated. In summary, the study concluded that though many decisions are being made in public schools related to each of the above issues, not enough knowledge is available and too many subjective value judgments are involved for valid curriculum decisions to be made in any of these areas. Furthermore, the author concluded that textbook controversies are merely a symptom of much deeper conflicts in American education and society in general. At the heart of the problem is a sense of voicelessness experienced by those whose cultural values differ from the ruling majority. School books have become for protestors an accessible target for a generalized feeling of despair over the lack of power to decide matters that concern them personally, especially the. desire to raise their children according to their own beliefs. The author raised two further issues that need to be confronted in any attempt to resolve value conflicts in education: (a) Does ten to twelve years of schooling exert enough influence on a child that a change in values takes place? If so, then parents whose values differ from the norm have a legitimate fear that the school is undermining their value system; (b) Should state governments be in control of educational matters? Critics have argued that this situation is unavoidably authoritarian and a means of shaping all individuals into a mold prescribed by those in power. The author concluded that more research is needed concerning the influence of schooling on children's values, in identifying values that exist in particular school situations, in delineating legal obscenity standards for juveniles, and in exploring "right to privacy" legislation that has relevance for children and families with regard to public schools. / Ed. D.

This research was concerned with determining the effectiveness of ten, two-hour group counseling sessions on: (1) preventing the occurrence of or reducing the incidences of fear of success motives in a group of college women, and (2) effecting changes in feminine gender role orientation and personal orientation concomitant with changes in the incidences of fear of success motives. The experimental sample consisted of sixty female students enrolled in a community college, The treatment group (n = 33) consisted of all women who participated in four counseling groups conducted over two quarters. The control group (n = 27) was composed of two groups of college women who expressed personal interest in the counseling groups and who volunteered to participate in the research study. The treatment group had no involvement in group counseling during the ten-week treatment period. Group counseling was conducted by a male-female co-facilitating team of professionally trained counselors whose theoretical orientation was integrative eclectic. The treatment process was designed to facilitate client exploration and understanding of self, social environment and interacting relationships between self and significant social environments. The content of group counseling focused on client perceived needs, specific attitudes and behaviors, present and past social relationships and feelings or affect associated with attitudes, behaviors, social relationships and perceived needs. Fear of success was measured using the Thematic Apperception Test for fear of success motives. The Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) and the Welleslex Role Orientation Scale were used to measure personal orientation and role orientation respectively. Five scales used on the POI were: Inner-directedness (I), Self Actualizing Values (SAV), Feeling Reactivity (FR), Self Regard (SR) and Self Acceptance (SA) . Fisher's exact test of significance( p < .05) was used to test differences within and between groups on pretest-posttest changes in incidences of fear of success motives. A Multivariate Analysis of Covariance test of significance ( p < .01) was conducted on pretest-posttest changes in a linear combination of five personal and one role orientation variables. Group counseling was found to have a significant combined remedial and preventive effect on the incidences of fear of success. Separate analysis of remedial and preventive effects indicated that group counseling tended to prevent the emergence of fear of success motives; however, the remedial effect of group counseling appears minimal at best. Measures on four of five dimensions of personal orientation, I, SAV, SR and SA were significantly increased in the treatment group, Women in both treatment and control groups tended to have above average sensitivity to personal needs and feelings (FR) and group counseling had no significant effect on an observed high level of FR, Group counseling had no significant effect on feminine gender role orientation; both experimental groups maintained typically non-traditional feminine gender role orientations. / Ed. D.

Ph. D.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship among career interest profiles as estimated by the Self-Directed Search (SDS), the Strong Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) and individual's self-estimates (SE). The thesis of this study was that college students can accurately estimate the scores they would receive by taking the SDS and SCII when given only a brief set of instructions. The SDS and SCII were administered to a purposive sampling of 117 college students composed of liberal arts, science, business, engineering and undecided majors from the four undergraduate classes. Information concerning students' socioeconomic background, educational aspirations and career certainty level was gathered in addition to other demographic information. SE, SDS and SCII data were compared using the cluster procedure subprogram of the Statistical Analysis System, and the Spearman rank-order correlation, the Pearson-product-moment-correlation, and the crosstabulation sub-programs of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Comparisons were made between the occupational theme scores derived from SE, SDS and SCII, and between basic interest scale scores obtained from SE and SCII. Occupational theme scores possessed high intercorrelation coefficients across assessment devices. A visual comparison of the intercorrelations among the six themes for each assessment device revealed a strong similarity among the scores produced by each instrument. In addition, high point and secondary, point coding possessed a high degree of interrelationship across assessment methods. The cluster procedure, however, failed to show any relationship among the results of the SDS, SCII or SE theme scores, a finding attributed to an artifact of scaling. SCII basic interest scale scores correlated highly with SE basic interest scale scores, and the cluster analysis procedure supported the correlational findings by showing similarities among SE and SCII basic interest scale dendrograms. In addition, the SE, SDS and SCII scores were descriptively analyzed and compared with one another and with demographic characteristics. Major findings in the study indicate that for college students: 1. SE, SDS and SCII result in similar theme scores and summary codes, and SE and SCII result in similar BIS scores. 2. Students most likely to have SE and inventoried scores in agreement were males from higher socioeconomic backgrounds, possessed higher academic degree ambitions, and showed a high level of agreement between their SE and expressed career goal high point themes. 3. Certainty of career plan, high point career theme, age, academic major, year in college, and grade point average have no relationship with agreement among SE, SDS and SCII scores. 4. College counselors may wish to consider the advantages and limitations of using standardized interest measures since it appears that similar scores can be achieved by asking students to self-estimate their interests. / Ed. D.

Ph. D.

This thesis is a socio-military history of a Confederate infantry regiment. Formed of companies from the city of Alexandria and surrounding counties, the Regiment fought in the Civil War as part of Corse's brigade, Pickett's division, Longstreet's Corps, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Through diaries, memoirs, letters and newspapers, the writer has traced the Regiment from its beginnings as individual companies to its last hours at Appomattox. Whenever possible the narrative focuses on the officers and men who comprised.the unit. Therefore, except to provide clarity, little attention is paid to the movements of sister regiments, overall strategy or politics. Instead the emphasis is on the soldiers perceptions of his experiences in camp, on the march and the battlefield. Seeing extensive action, the Regiment fought at Blackburn's Ford, Williamsburg, Seven Pines, Frayser's Farm, Second Manassas, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Suffolk, Manassas Gap, Flat Creek, Drewry's Bluff, Bermuda Hundred, Five Forks and Sayler's Creek. Success or failure is measured by the units' individual performance and therefore is not evaluated with the army as a whole. Appomattox brought defeat and surrender to the men of the 17th Virginia. However, the designation of victor and vanqished is of secondary importance. Duty faithfully performed, in spite of incredible hardship, in the face of overwhelming odds, by a band of heroic, valiant men is the more enduring memory. / M. A.

This study represents an attempt to develop a multivariate predictive model of professional job satisfaction. The model consists of socio-demographic work related, role conflict and bureaucratic variables. Multiple correlation and regression techniques are used in the data analysis. The sample consists of 308 professional fisheries biologists who were members of the American Fisheries Society in 1974. The predictive model tested in this study was comprised of 14 independent variables related to social and demographic characteristics, role conflict and bureaucratic characteristics. The results of this Study show that age, income, education, length of service and residence have a negligible impact on job satisfaction, Person-role conflict, intra-sender conflict, inter-sender conflict, and role overload comprise role conflict. These variables jointly explain 18 percent of variance in job satisfaction. A multidimensional measure of perceptions of bureaucracy including technical qualifications, procedures, division of labor, hierarchy, and impersonality jointly explain 26 percent of the variance in job satisfaction. / Ph. D.

Some of the analytical models of the helicopter-load system developed in this work should be helpful in further analyzing the motion of such a configuration. It is recommended that subsequent studies should examine the following aspects of the motion of the vehicle-load system. Considering the dynamics and aerodynamics of the load modeled appropriately as a rigid body, the effect of aerodynamic instabilities of the load on the motion of the configuration should be determined. An analysis of the dynamic stability of such a system in forward flight, in a turbulent atmosphere, is suggested. Configurations in which the load is suspended by multiple tethers should be examined, using better models than in the past, to determine the merits of such suspension schemes. / Ph. D.