Extracurricular programs have been a part of the public schools since the early 1800's. By the middle of the twentieth century the number and diversity of extracurricular activities increased appreciably. As school activities have increased the supportive funds necessary to finance these programs have increased proportionately. As often happens in areas of rapid growth, administrative policies and procedures designed to operate the programs have tended not to keep pace with the expanding program structure. The rapid growth of extracurricular programs in recent years has placed strain on the now obsolete financial system with which the financial administrators have had to content. The Manual on System of Accounting for Student Activity Funds currently in use in Virginia Public Schools was adopted in 1954. The problem of this study was to design a current, legally based, and theoretically and operationally sound manual of accounting for school activity funds in the state of Virginia. More specifically, the problem of this study was to synthesize empirically-based information into a user-adjudged feasible and desirable policy and procedure statement which would provide the practicing school administrator with a comprehensive document for accounting for school activity funds. From a study of the literature in the area of student activity fund accounting, an examination of case and statutory law from across the United States, a review of Virginia School Laws, Regulations of the State Board of Education, Virginia Attorney Generals Opinions, and the expertise provided by certified public accountants, high school principals and high school bookkeepers, a manual for accounting for student activity funds was developed. This manual reflects the best judgment of a user audience concerning the current state of the art of the management of student activity funds, and contains explanations and instructions essential to the administration of and accounting for student activity funds. Section titles of the manual as developed were as follows: Section I: Virginia State Laws and State Board Regulations Section II: Classification of Receipts and Expenditures Section III: Accounting Procedures Section IV: Internal Control Section V: Management of Student Body Funds Section VI: Responsibilities of Personnel in Student Activity Fund Accounting Section VII: Approved Forms and Instructions Section VIII: Glossary of Terms / Ed. D.

This research represents an analysis of the developmental impacts of a proposed international railway system. The proposed railway extends an approximate length of 2000 miles from Karachi on the Persian Gulf, through Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan (the PIA Region), to Rasht on the Caspian Sea. The proposed link, named the Karachi—Rasht Railway (KRR), as a single integrated system is expected to have profound effects in enhancing the overall development of the PIA region. The KRR's developmental impacts were partially identified through the study of an existing, analogous international transportation link, C the "Suez Canal." Furthermore, the present levels of selected developmental factors were gauged in relation to the socio-economic characteristics of the PIA region; their future levels were projected in the context of the impacts of the KRR. In the process of this analysis, the PIA region was compared with two other areas: (1) Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania (UKT) and (2) Switzerland, West Germany, and France (SGF). The UKT region has similar socio-economic characteristics to the PIA region, but the SGF region is radically different. Yet both are similar in that they were affected by the Suez Canal and each is linked internally by an international railway system. These facts helped provide comparative data for estimating the future levels of the identified developmental events relevant to the impacts of the KRR. The KRR is expected to enhance developments such as energy consumption, urban population, food production, life expectancy, existing highway and railway systems, the literacy rate, exports, imports, political harmony, foreign aid, per capita income, tourist receipts, and so on. To measure the likelihood of occurrence of each of these types of developmental events, various forecasting methods were analyzed. The cross impact technique (CIT) was selected for this purpose because of its simplicity, reliability, accuracy, flexibility in utilizing available data, and its role in measuring the long-range impacts of the KRR. As a first step in the CIT, relationships between the identified 25 developmental events were established and an initial probability, with an occurrence date, assigned to each event. The CIT, programmed in FORTRAN for the IBM 370/158, then was employed to generate final (horizon year) probability estimates, which are believed to be adequate indicators of how various events might be affected by the KRR. With three minutes of computer time, the CIT incorporated the interaction among the events and estimated the likelihood of occurrence of each event. Because of the judged interactions among the events, there was an increase in the final probability of occurrence of energy consumption, urban population, World Bank lending, tourist receipts, food production, per capita income, exports, life expectancy, and literacy rate. In addition, sensitivity analyses were performed by changing certain input values indicating the most direct significant effects of increased rail route length on increasing World Bank lending, road network lengths, tourist receipts, per capita energy consumption, food production, life expectancy, diversity of religions, and removal of tariffs and taxes. It is believed that the proposed KRR would significantly reduce the present trans—shipment problems, costs, congestion, and delay in the PIA region and would help lower the barrier which at present interferes with concerted efforts towards development. The CIT was found to be a suitable methodology for this research and possibly for similar situations where a proposed single development will predictably involve many interactions, not only with the existing situation, but also with secondary events provoked by the originally proposed development. Generally speaking, the systematic steps used in this research could be used as a guide for gauging similar undertakings. The study should be updated with changing conditions, reorientated objectives, better data, and improvements in understanding of the technique's parameters and of computational capabilities. / Ph. D.

Quality and availability of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) accumulated for fall and winter pasture was influenced by starting dates of accumulation, season of growth, and by the addition of legumes. In 1975 and 1976, 60-day regrowths of tall fescue were evaluated (in vivo) for summer quality when fed alone and in 50:50 grass-legume mixtures to sheep. In 1975, 40-day old alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growth and in 1976, 60-day old red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) growth were used as legume treatments. In 1976, 60-day old orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) regrowth was fed alone and in a clover mix for comparison. Tall fescue was accumulated from mid-June, July, August, and September, fertilized with 112 kg N/ha in August, and fed in December to determine the effect of stockpiling date on in vivo quality. The effect of stockpiling date and N fertilization on yield, yield distribution, and chemical quality of fescue in winter were studied. The total digestible nutrient (TDN) content of tall fescue in summer was variable between years (35.3% in 1975 and 52.2% in 1976). Alfalfa (54.9% TDN) was higher in digestibility in 1975 than tall fescue, but red clover (52.6% TDN) and orchardgrass (52.6% TDN) were similar to tall fescue in 1976. There were no significant differences in intake of the forages. There was a consistent, nonsignificant increase in the digestibility of grass-legume mixes over the average digestibilities of the component feeds. The digestibilities of either summer grown tall fescue forage were considerably lower than those of the stockpiled tall fescue forages if accumulated from July, August, or September (60.2%, 61.6%, 61.6% TDN, respectively). June stockpiled forage (56.9% TDN) was lower in digestibility than the other stockpiling treatments but higher than for the summer grown tall fescue. In 1975, the DM intake (% bodyweight) of accumulated forage increased as stockpiling was delayed (June, 2.04% July, 2.41%; and August, 2.52%). In 1976, the digestibilities of all stockpilings were lower than in 1975. Digestibility increased as the accumulation periods were shortened from June to August (June, 52.0%; July, 56.7%; and August, 61.5% TDN) and then decreased for the shortest accumulation period (September, 54.5% TDN). The 1976 August accumulated growth was divided into top and bottom canopy strata; these strata (62.2% and 60.5% TDN, respectively) did not differ significantly in digestibility from the whole canopy (61.5% TDN). Intake in 1976 was not significantly affected by stockpiling periods or canopy strata. The digestible protein (DP) content of tall fescue for all summer and winter treatments was highly correlated to the crude protein (CP) content. There was a decrease in December dry matter (DM) yields as stockpiling and N fertilization was delayed from June to September. Generally, the best yield response for winter grazing occurred when N was applied at the date of stockpiling. Total yields decreased as stockpiling and fertilization was delayed. The highest total yields were obtained by fertilizing with N in June or July. Regrowth yields during summer were highest from early harvests but the yield distribution was shifted by N fertilization. The winter quality of accumulated tall fescue increased as yields decreased with delaying dates of stockpiling and fertilization. Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC 88 % of DM) increased from 14.7% to 30.5% in 1975 and from 11.8% to 28.0% in 1976; CP content increased from 8.2% to 15.5% in 1975 and from 8.2% to 13.9% in 1976 when stockpiling and fertilization were delayed from June to September. However, the yield of TNC and CP decreased as DM yield decreased. The relative chlorophyl content increased in canopies with delayed stockpiling and fertilization. Fertilization with N increased forage quality and resistance to early winter freezing. Yield and quality of tall fescue in February was lower than but highly correlated to the December yield and quality. / Ph. D.

Purpose This study was undertaken to investigate the opinions of secondary cooperative distributive education teacher-coordinators in Mississippi toward recommended coordination activities. The primary purpose of this study was to provide state supervisors of distributive education and the distributive teacher educator in Mississippi with data and information which could be used to: (1) plan and structure selected aspects of the pre-service distributive teacher education program, and (2) plan and structure in-service educational programs with respect to cooperative distributive education. A second purpose was to determine whether relationships existed between years of teaching experience, occupational experience, type of undergraduate degree held, type of graduate degree held, and number of completed hours of undergraduate course work in vocational education designed specifically to train distributive education teacher-coordinators, and opinion toward recommended coordination activities. Procedure An opinionnaire was developed through a review of the literature with emphasis placed on five studies: (1) Warmke (1960), (2) Harris (1971), (3) Cotrell (1972), (4) Weatherford (1972), and (S) Crawford (1975). The opinionnaire incorporated a 1 - 4 point Likert-type scale for respondents to indicate their opinion toward recommended coordination activities. In analyzing the data, descriptive statistics (composite means and standard deviations), Spearman Rho rank-order correlation coefficients, and t-tests were used to compare the responses of the total population and categorized respondent groups. Population This study was concerned with selected demographic characteristics and opinions of a single population--secondary cooperative distributive education teacher-coordinators in the state of Mississippi employed during the 1976-77 school year. The total population of fifty-two secondary cooperative distributive education teacher-coordinators was included in this study. Summary of Findings The categories of coordination activities most often rated highest in importance by the respondent groups were: (1) "Developing Training Agreements," (2) "Selecting Training Stations,” (3) "Public Relations,” and (4) "Student Control." The categories of coordination activities most often rated lowest in importance were: (1) "Related on-the-job Instruction," (2) "Developing Training Plans," and (3) "Adult Distributive Education." The top-rated coordination activity listed in the opinionniaire for the total population was "Prepare the student-learner for an interview with cooperating employer and training station personnel." The lowest rated coordination activity listed in the opinionniaire for the total population was "Provide vocational guidance and counseling for adults who need training or retraining for a distributive occupation." Major Reconnnendation Mississippi distributive education personnel, when considering both pre-service and in-service offerings in cooperative distributive education should review the findings of this study as presented in Chapter IV. The composite opinion mean scores and coordination category mean scores are reported for the fifty coordination activities and nine major categories of coordination activities for the total population and for categorized respondent groups. Specific recommendations with regard to the findings and conclusions are offered in Chapter V of the study. / ED. D.

The primary objective of this study was to provide an analysis of selected legal issues affecting student teachers, undergraduate aides and graduate interns while engaged in clinical experiences in the public schools of the United States. To reveal the laws pertaining to student teachers, undergraduate aides and graduate interns an analysis was made of: (a) the statutes of each state, (b) case law, (c) the opinions of the attorney general of each state, (d) the state superintendent's interpretations where applicable, (e) the rules and regulations of each state department of education, and (f) the rules and regulations of the largest public teacher education institution within each state. As a result of this study some of the general conclusions for the fifty states and the District of Columbia are presented: 1. Concerning local school board authority to permit clinical experiences: a. 8% lacked authorization concerning student teachers b. 37% lacked authorization concerning undergraduate aides c. 49% lacked authorization concerning graduate interns 2. Concerning being considered an employee: a. 68% made no mention of student teachers b. 82% made no mention of undergraduate aides c. 88% made no mention of graduate interns 3. Concerning financial compensation: a. 80% made no mention of student teachers b. 90% made no mention of undergraduate aides c. 86% made no mention of graduate interns 4. Concerning eligibility for workmen's compensation: a. 55% made no mention of student teachers b. 80% made no mention of undergraduate aides or graduate interns 5. Concerning due process guidelines: a. 63% lacked any for student teachers b. 88% lacked any for undergraduate aides c. 92% lacked any for graduate interns 6. Concerning guidelines if a strike occurs: a. 94% lack any for student teachers b. 98% lack any for undergraduate aides or graduate interns 7. Concerning the authority to perform duties without super-vision: a. 82% made no mention of student teachers b. None made any mention of undergraduate aides or graduate interns 8. Concerning disciplining pupils: a. 65% made no mention of student teachers b. 86% made no mention of undergraduate aides c. 88% made no mention of graduate interns 9. Concerning serving as a substitute teacher: a. 71% made no mention of student teachers b. 84% made no mention of graduate aides c. 94% made no mention of graduate interns 10. Concerning access to pupil records: a. 73% made no mention of student teachers b. None made any mention of undergraduate aides or graduate interns The findings of this study led to the following recommendations. Every state should adopt comprehensive legislation providing definitive guidelines for educational clinical experiences in the public schools for student teachers, undergraduate aides and graduate interns. Based on the legal, philosophical and educational views of each state this comprehensive legislation should concern the following issues. during the clinical experience for student teachers, undergraduate aides and graduate interns: 1. Authority of local school boards to permit clinical experiences 2. Certification requirements 3. Employee status 4. Financial compensation 5. Workmen's compensation benefits 6. Due process 7. Teacher strikes 8. Authority to assume duties 9. Discipline of pupils 10. Liability for pupil injury 11. Substitute teaching 12. Access to pupil records A model statute was presented that might serve as a guide in offering definitive statements concerning these issues. / Ed. D.

Control of the rate of heat generation and the resulting temperature variations during the processing of thermosets is very necessary both to achieve the desired ultimate properties of the final product and to conserve energy and time. With this motivation, theoretical and experimental studies on the kinetics and thermal characterization of the curing reaction of thermoset polyesters were accomplished, and a mathematical curing model was proposed for the casting operation of these plastics. Temperature distribution through the thickness of the polymer mass was obtained by monitoring thermocouples placed at known locations with the aid of PDP-11/40 computer. Both isothermal and dynamic techniques of differential scanning calorimetry (Du Pont DSC) were used to obtain the heats of reaction and a kinetic expression for the polymerization reaction. The proposed kinetic model can be utilized to obtain the rates of heat generation a different curing temperatures. The overall activation energy of the curing reaction was calculated as 17.0 kcal/mole and the overall reaction rate constant as 2.60X10⁹exp(-17,000/RT) min⁻¹. The thermal properties of the polyester were determined as a function of temperature, and also attempts were made to measure these properties as a function of extent of reaction. The specific heat of cured polyester samples was determined over the temperature range 60-180°C. A more or less linear increase in specific heat was observed with increasing temperature between 60° and 120°C where the values were 0.38 and 0.43 cal/g-°C, respectively. Thermal conductivity measurements were accomplished by using a Colora Thermoconductometer, but a new sample system had to be developed for use with this instrument for the measurements of uncured and partially cured samples. A linear increase in conductivity of cured polyester with increasing temperature from a value of 4.5 X 10⁻⁴ cal/cm-sec-°C at 40°C to 5.0 X 10⁻⁴ cal/cm-sec-°C at 94°C was observed. Simulation of the curing process was based upon differential equations describing one-dimensional unsteady-state conductive heat transfer through the casting and the rate of the crosslinking reaction. The numerical scheme that was presented predicts the temperature and concentration profiles during the curing process. Agreement between the simulated and experimental temperature profiles was very good. The proposed model can be readily utilized in characterizing the curing process, predicting curing performance, and establishing guidelines for better design of the casting and other reaction molding operations with most of the thermoset plastics. / Ph. D.

Wind tunnel tests were conducted in an effort to determine the magnitudes, power spectra and correlation of loads over the surface of a model of a tall building. The model was tested as a single element and also with an identical element upstream to provide an interfering flow. The work is presented in three parts which deal with the boundary layer simulation, the measurement technique using multiple transducers and the results of several model tests. A turbulent shear layer similar to that found in the atmospheric boundary layer under strong wind conditions was generated in a wind tunnel with a short test-section by using a combination of sp:i,res and floor roughness elements. Flow properties were measured in detail at the model location, seven meters downstream of the spires. Properties measured included the mean velocity and turbulence characteristics for all three velocity components. Turbulence properties included intensities, some co-variances, integral length scales and power spectra. The flow was found to be two-dimensional across the central third of the tunnel and to be reasonably homogeneous in the flow direction. Measured flow properties were compared with estimates of full-scale properties for winds over urban areas as reported in review papers. The model flow was determined to be an acceptable simulation of atmospheric shear layer winds over urban areas for geometric scale ratios (between model and prototype) ranging from 1/400 to 1/600. Resultant fluctuating loads were measured at several elevations throughout the height of a square cylinder having an aspect ratio of 8.33. Analog circuits using operational amplifiers were used to amplify and sum signals from numerous pressure transducers. The resultant signals directly represented resultant loads at the level where the transducers were located and consequently, simultaneous measurements of pressures at each transducer were not required. With this technique, fluctuating loads may be measured whether or not the model is moving, and it is the only method available for determining fluctuating twisting moments at various levels throughout the height of a model of a tall building. Tests were conducted for numerous model orientations and configurations. Measurements were made of fluctuating normal forces and twisting moments at six elevations throughout the model height. Mean properties of the loads are presented for all configurations while spectra and coherence functions are presented for four illustrative cases. Test configurations included those involving a single instrumented model as well as cases where an identical model was placed upstream of the instrumented model. Load coefficients were found to vary throughout the height of the model. Spectra of the fluctuating loads for cases involving the single model indicate both periodic and random types of loading depending on the load component measured and the angle of orientation of the model. Both the power spectra of the loads and the correlation of the loads throughout the height of the model could be altered by the interference of an upstream model. Results indicate that the placement and orientation of neighboring buildings is critical to the aerodynamic stability of a particular building. / Ph. D.

The Virginia Department of Education suggested that its school divisions adopt an Evaluation by Objectives (EBO) teacher evaluation system as a means for its school divisions to satisfy the personnel evaluation section of the Standards of Quality mandate. This study surveyed Virginia's principals as to their use of and perceptions of the efficacy of the suggested EBO model. In addition, the study examined specific personal (age, years of administrative experience, membership in a teacher organization) variables and institutional (number of teachers in the school, number of teachers evaluated, EBO training, hours of EBO training) variables as possible predictors of the dependent variable, principal's perceived effectiveness of the suggested EBO procedures. The survey results indicated that 95.5 percent of the principals used or modified the procedures. The majority of these principals (86.8 percent) perceived the procedures to be effective, in improving teacher performance. Multiple regression analysis (MRA) was used to test the predictive strength of the independent variables identified in this study. The variables, although significant at the .01 level, were not meaningful as predictors of principals' perceived effectiveness of EBO. The adjusted R² coefficient of determination was only 5.9 percent. / Ed. D.

This thesis stresses the semantic aspect of the environment in an attempt to generate design alternatives for the redevelopment of the O Street Market site in Washington, D.C. The intention in presenting, as a conclusion to the study, an alternative image of the site that stands in stark contrast to that proffered by a potential developer is to stimulate the search for and discussion of additional alternatives. The alternative image presented arises from a redefinition of the problem based on an analysis of the time cycles that affect the project and on an exploration of the message-giving potential of physical objects and configurations in relation to the social, political, economic and behavioral context of the site. Resulting from this redefinition of parameters is an object whose feasibility is founded, not in traditional economic analyses, but in stability and evolutionary potential rooted in diversity and adaptability within its context. The bias of the writer is that the only supportable design solution for the problem will be generated in collaboration with the existing and potential residents and users. The schematic design, therefore, is presented as an object for redefinition and translation, in such an interactive forum, rather than as a solution to the problem. / Master of Architecture

An elastic plane stress finite element analysis of the stress distributions in four flat test specimens for in-plane shear response of composite materials subjected to mechanical or thermal loads is presented. The shear test specimens investigated include: slotted coupon, cross beam, Iosipescu, and rail shear. Results are presented in the form of normalized stress contour plots for all three in-plane stress components. The slotted specimen is studied for three graphite-epoxy laminates ([0], [90], [±45]_S); the cross beam is studied for two graphite-epoxy laminates ([0/90]_S, [±45]_S); the Iosipescu and rail shear specimens are studied with several materials (steel, graphite-epoxy, and graphite-polyimide) and several laminates ([0], [90], [0/90]_S, [±45]_S, [0/90/±45]_S) with rigid and elastic fixtures loaded mechanically or thermally. Geometric alterations are also investigated. The study shows that the cross beam, Iosipescu, and rail shear specimens have stress distributions which are more than adequate for determining linear shear behavior of composite materials. Laminate properties, core effects, and fixture configurations are among the factors which were found to influence the stress distributions. / Master of Science