A method for extracting estimates of the stress intensity factors due to Mode III loadings from photoelastic data is developed. The results are supported by a series of stress freezing photoelastic experiments conducted on circumferentially notched round bars to which torsional loads were applied yielding a pure Mode III loading condition at the notch tip. Photoelastic data were taken from slices cut from the test specimens near the notch tip and stress intensity factors obtained. Results are compared with numerical and analytical results drawn from the literature. / Master of Science

The purpose of the present study was to covary housing and training conditions and to determine their effects on imprinting to a 'vocalizing' model hen. Domestic chicks were housed either individually or in pairs. They were run over Days 2-4 post-hatch under one of the following conditions: alone, in the presence of an isolate conspecific, or in the presence of an unfamiliar 'socialate' conspecific. All chicks were then tested individually on Day 5 post-hatch with the stimulus-object present in the apparatus. They were again tested on Day 6 post-hatch with the stimulus-object absent from the apparatus. Approach latencies on Days 5 and 6 and degree of distress calling on Day 6 served as indices of imprinting strength. Based on the approach measure, in testing with the stimulus-object present, chicks trained alone obtained the highest imprinting scores; chicks trained with an isolate, the second highest; and chicks trained with a socialate, the lowest. Apparently, during training chicks are more attentive to a socialate than to an isolate conspecific, which is reflected in their lower imprinting scores obtained during testing. Based on the distress index, in testing with the stimulus object absent, socially housed chicks obtained higher imprinting scores than chicks housed individually. The differential detection of housing and training effects for the approach and distress measures is discussed in terms of the nature of the probable underlying relationship between strength of imprinted attachment and the behavioral measures. / Master of Science

Decreases in the North American market share of flue-cured tobacco exports indicates that producers on this continent have entered into an era of competition from foreign flue-cured tobacco exporters. In order to understand this problem and obtain additional information on the factors influencing importation of North American flue-cured tobacco, quarterly import demand equations were estimated for the three major importers of North American flue-cured leaf--Japan, West Germany and the United Kingdom. Factors hypothesized to affect import demand in these countries included: import price of North American leaf (own price), import prices of leaf produced in selected non-North American countries (competing prices), price of cigarettes in the importing country, inventories on hand in the importing country, the exchange rate between U.S. dollars and the importing country's currency, and tariffs placed on the imported tobacco. At mean variable values, imports of North American flue-cured tobacco were found to be highly elastic with respect to own price changes. West German and United Kingdom imports were inelastic with respect to competing price changes. Variables accounting for manufacturer inventories and for seasonality were also significant. The high own-price elasticities encountered in this study suggest that North American flue-cured export revenues would rise if prices charged to importing countries were lowered. One method of accomplishing this would be discontinuance of the- tobacco allotment-quota and price support programs. There is insufficient evidence to support the contention that export revenues are affected by exchange rates, foreign tariff levels or cigarette prices. / Master of Science

The Blue Ridge Mountains separated Montgomery County, Virginia from the state's eastern agricultural markets. This mountain barrier restricted the transportation of crops and therefore limited farm products to subsistence crops and easily transported livestock. Only after the construction of the Allegheny Turnpike in 1809, and the Roanoke Canal in 1815, which together provided outlets to formerly inaccessible markets., did Montgomery's infant economy begin to emerge. Still, the county's economy could not supply enough capital to finance further internal improvements. Therefore the citizens of Montgomery appealed to the General Assembly for internal improvements. But within the existing system of representation, the state's western reaches were underrepresented. In part then, Montgomery's struggle for economic prosperity was a political struggle where the Westerners, desirous of increased representation sided against the overrepresented Easterners. After almost fifty years of political agitation by the West, that region finally obtained concessions from the Easterners which approximated its equal share of legislative power. Almost immediately Western representatives pushed measures through the General Assembly providing for an increased number of internal improvements for the West. Among the internal construction projects that aided the Transmontane was the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. This railroad, extending from Bristol to Lynchburg, became an important stimulant for the undeveloped Montgomery economy. Rail transportation provided cheap, quick access to eastern agricultural markets. This facilitated the use of large-scale farm production in Montgomery. Moreover, rail transportation generated other non-agricultural industries such as coal and lumber. Montgomery's struggle for economic development paid off in the decade 1850-1860. This prosperous period came as a result of the internal improvements which Westerner's had begged for since early in the nineteenth century. During this successful period the economic ties established with the East by Montgomery helped to mold the county's decision to secede from the Union in 1861, while the counties further west shared no such common bonds and did not join the Confederacy. / Master of Arts

This investigation consisted of a study of the effects of the reactant flow rate on the activity of a tungsten oxide on silica catalyst during propylene disproportionation. A 10 percent tungsten oxide on silica catalyst (223 square meters per gram B.E.T. surface area) was used in a microcatalytic reactor. The catalyst activity was found to increase when the reactant flow rate was increased. The phenomenon responsible for the anomalous behavior was investigated. The relationship between reactant flow rate and activity was found to be independent of the flow rate history when an anhydrous propylene feed was used. A hysteresis effect was observed when the feed contained traces of water. The activity decreased for a given flow rate following exposure at lower flow rates. It has been suggested that a contaminant was being introduced in the driers and that the anomalous behavior of the catalyst to the reactant flow rate was due to this. However, the reactant flow rate through the dryer was found not to affect the activity. This investigation also included studies on the effects of temporary poisons on a fully broken-in tungsten oxide on silica catalyst. The dosing of carbon monoxide caused a temporary decrease in the catalyst activity. The activity returned to the level prior to the dosing in approximately 110 minutes. Trace amounts of water in the feed resulted in an immediate decrease in activity. Following the initial poisoning, the rate of poisoning was slowed. / Master of Science

This thesis presents the theory and describes three interactive computer graphics programs for mechanical engineering design: Fatigue Analysis, Section Properties, and Beam Analysis. The Fatigue Analysis program sizes up a mechanical component, circular, rectangular, or any shape, to prevent fatigue failure. Six most generally accepted fatigue failure lines are available and any equivalent stress theories are allowed. It can also calculate the significant endurance limit with the theoretical stress concentration factor supplied by the user. The Section Properties program finds twenty section properties, such as area, area moment of inertia, and radius of gyration about different axis, of any shape plane cross section. The Beam Analysis program, using transfer matrix method, computes and also plots the curves of deflection, slope, moment, and shear along the beam. Static and forced, undamped dynamic analysis can be performed for beams of uniform or variable cross section. Uniformly or linearly varied distributed loads, concentrated point loads, applied moments, or combinations of all three may be applied. This program allows any combination of pinned, fixed, free, or guided flexural boundary conditions, even normally kinematically unstable condition can be handled if sufficient internal supports are provided. In-span support can be elastic springs and/or elastic moment spring. Modelling for dynamic response uses lumped mass. All three programs provide the option of using either English or SI units. The programming language used is BASIC and the micro-processor used is a Teketronix model 4051 with 32 K memory. / Master of Science

A study was undertaken to determine the distribution of mercury in the sediments of the South River for 16 km. below a synthetic fibers plant in Waynesboro, Virginia, which discharged mercury to the river system from 1929 to 1950. The downstream distribution was examined by comparing the results of total mercury analyses on core samples collected at three downstream stations with that obtained from a control station located upstream of the plant. The highest concentration of mercury appeared to be at the Station located 8.5 km downstream of the source. The distribution of mercury across the stream was determined by comparing the mercury values obtained across a four-point transect at each sampling station. The higher mercury concentrations appeared on the east bank and west of mid-stream points of the transect, indicating that future sampling may require only one sample from each bank. The mercury distribution with core depth was analyzed by segmenting a second set of core samples into 2.5 cm. increments. The mercury was more concentrated at mid-depth of the sediments (10.2 to 15.2 cm.) than at the top or bottom layers of the sediments. The fine sediments (<0.250 mm) were also analyzed for percent organic carbon, methyl mercury concentrations, and particle size distribution. There appeared to be a positive correlation between mercury concentration and percent organic carbon at Stations 1 and 2. However, a similar correlation was not observed at Station 3. / Master of Science

Efficient economic production dictates that the dairyman minimize feed costs subject to the level of milk output if he desires to maximize profits. The purpose of the present research was to develop a working model to help dairymen estimate crop production costs so that livestock ration costs may be minimized. Even though a particular feed production system may seem economically efficient from a production cost standpoint, loan payments may endanger a dairyman's cash position; therefore, the maximum annual loan payment on investments associated with crop production are also calculated by the model. The working model has an advantage over previous cost analysis models in that the calculated production costs account for the total annual use by all farm produced crops of investments in land, buildings, machinery and equipment. In addition, maximum annual loan payments for a feed production system may be estimated under different debt and loan term assumptions. Special emphasis was placed on dairy farm feed production in the development and illustration of the computer model; however, the use of the model can be easily expanded to any crop producing operations. / Master of Science

Transformation has been studied in a number of fields such as geometry, music and linguistics but has never been investigated in architecture even though it occurs there with some frequency. The basic task of this essay is to prepare the way for a study of transformation in architecture through an examination of the nature of transformation as an operation type and through a brief study of some cases of transformation in architecture. The first part of the paper examines transformation in several fields where it has a history of use, and establishes what it is and what it can be used to do in these fields. From this investigation a series of five characteristics of transformation are developed. In the second part of the paper, a strategy for the investigation of transformation in architecture is developed. In the third and final section, the strategy is applied to a study of a number of types of transformation in existing architecture, and suggestions are made for future research. Proposals are also made for some new uses of transformation in future architectural work. / Master of Architecture

Sir Ralph Winwood was a Jacobean politician who served the crown in several major capacities. Educated at Oxford, he was the English diplomatic agent at Paris and The Hague for fifteen years before his appointment as principal Secretary of State in 1614. His short tenure in office could not be described as successful, except in a personal sense, for although the post enabled him to die wealthy and well-respected, he made no concerted effort to stay the erosion of early Stuart government. Proud, arrogant, and conceited are terms which aptly characterize the man; but his sincere protestantism and hatred of Spain more clearly reflected the temper of his age than the vacillations of James I. Except for a brief article in the Dictionary of National Biography little of consequence has been written about Winwood's life. This study attempts to focus on his political career, particularly between 1612 and 1617, and to analyze Winwood's role in the development of early seventeenth-century English government and administration. / Master of Arts