Experiments were conducted to determine mineral element levels in feedstuffs, animal wastes and tissues from cattle fed broiler litter or cattle waste. Heifers fed 30% broiler litter ensiled with corn forage performed as well as heifers fed corn silage and soybean meal but performance tended to be lower than for heifers fed corn-litter silage and soybean meal in a 20l-day feeding trial. No differences were found in carcass quality and yield grades. Feedlot performance was very low for cattle fed corn silage and no protein supplement. Feeding broiler litter to heifers did not adversely affect the eating quality of roasts from these heifers as measured subjectively by a taste panel and shear devices. Copper (593 ppm) and arsenic (75.9 ppm) levels were high in broiler litter, compared to other ruminant feedstuffs. Following a 24-hour withdrawal, heifers were slaughtered and liver, muscle, fat and kidney samples were taken. Liver copper reflects high dietary copper intakes in litter fed heifers (P <.01). Arsenic in the kidney and fat was higher in litter-fed heifers. Bromine was lower (P <.05) in liver, kidney, muscle and fat of litter-fed heifers. In two successive cattle finishing trials, a 16% cattle waste ration was compared to a conventional feedlot ration. Control steers in trial I outgained (1.31 kg/day) waste fed steers (1.14 kg/day), but in trial II gains were higher for the waste fed steers (1.41 vs 1.54 kg/day). In trial I selenium was higher (P <.05) in livers of steers fed waste. In trial II lead content was higher (P <.05) in fat of waste fed cattle and liver copper was higher (P <.05) in conventionally-fed steers. In a long term experiment, currently in its sixth year, cows were wintered on hay, 804 litter and 20% corn grain with and without supplemental copper. Liver biopsies of the cows were taken in December and April, the beginning and end of the wintering period. Average copper levels in the wintering rations were 15.9, 412.6 and 595.6 ppm, dry basis, respectively. Liver biopsies taken in December and April for litter-fed cattle were higher (P <.01) in copper than livers of cows fed hay. Respective April and December liver copper values were: hay, 34.5 and 27.03; corn-litter, 757.3 and 195.7; corn-litter-copper, 964.4 and 218.9 ppm, dry basis. Liver arsenic levels were similar after the grazing season but increased dramatically over the wintering period. Waste samples from broilers, caged layers, cattle and swine from several regions in the United States were analyzed. Litter arsenic and copper values were 54 and 441 ppm, respectively. Dried poultry waste varied in ash, crude protein, cadmium and selenium. Aluminum, cadmium and copper content of cattle waste was higher for all samples than values reported in the literature. Swine waste had an average crude protein content of 23% and varied in cadmium and selenium. / Ph. D.

The motivational development of students is a concern of the public and community college educators. Educators are challenged to provide instruction to nontraditional students who often lack adequate motivation for success in traditional programs. Therefore, educational experiences for the nontraditional student must consider their motivational needs. This study examined the effects of a career simulation game upon the math achievement of post secondary students enrolled in developmental arithmetic. Effects of the simulation experience upon student perceived instrumentality were examined with a pretest-posttest comparison group research design. The criterion measure, math achievement, was examined with the posttest-only control group design utilizing a two by two by two factorial design. The factors included in this design were achievement motive orientation (success and avoidant), perceived instrumentality (high and low) and game participation (treatment and comparison groups). Students were assigned to achievement motive orientation and perceived instrumentality groups based upon their scores on the Student Plans Questionnaire, the Test Anxiety Questionnaire, and The 1969 Achieving Tendency Scale for Males. However, students were randomly selected and assigned to experimental and comparison groups of the factorial design. Math achievement was measured by the Basic Skills in Arithmetic Test (Wrinkle, Sanders, and Kendel, 1973) while perceived instrumentality was measured by the Student Plans Questionnaire. The experimental groups participated in a career simulation game consisting of on-the~job math problems, a job selection activity, and a career ladder graphic for five selected units of the self instructional course. After completing career related problems, students selected a first, second, and third job choice from a list of job descriptions provided on the job selection sheet. The job choice was earned by satisfying the unit test grade requirement which was recorded by the student on a graphic representation of the career ladder. Students in the sample consisted of those anticipating enrollment in certificate and degree level occupational-technical programs and students not formally seeking career training. The sample size numbered eighty-two. These students were enrolled in the individualized arithmetic courses at John Tyler Community College, Chester, Virginia. Data analysis of perceived instrumentality used the t test statistic. The difference scores, obtained by subtracting pretest and posttest scores, were compared between the treatment and comparison groups. However, there was no difference between the mean perceived instrumentality scores of the treatment and comparison groups. Math achievement was analyzed via three way analysis of covariance. Previous studies indicated that age, math placement test scores, and high school grade point average may effect student performance in developmental mathematics. These variables, therefore, were used as covariates. Three hypotheses forming on effects and four hypotheses associated with interactions were retained. Specifically, there was no main effect in math achievement because of game participation, perceived instrumentality levels or achievement motive orientation levels. Examination of one hypothesis indicated an interaction at the .038 level between game participation and perceived instrumentality. This interaction indicated that students who did not participate in the career simulation game with high perceived instrumentality scores received lower grades than those with low perceived instrumentality scores. In addition, game participants with high perceived instrumentality received higher grades than those with low perceived instrumentality. The remaining null hypotheses tested were retained. / Ed. D.

The potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), is a primary pest of alfalfa grown in Virginia. Sampling techniques and sampling programs for each growth stage (egg, nymph, and adult) were developed to study the population dynamics of this insect. Distribution patterns exhibited by each stage have been used to determine sample unit size and optimum number of samples. The sampling technique was also evaluated in field population studies. The egg sampling technique, which used an acid fuchsin stain and lactophenol clearing solution, was efficient in estimating egg densities within 20 to 30% C.V. about the mean based on 100 single stems collected on each sample date. The nymphal sampling technique using 0.946 liter ice cream containers with dichlorvos squares (ca 1.2 cm²) glued in the bottom of the container was efficient in estimating nymphal densities within 20 to 30% C.V. based on 100 three-stem bouquets collected on each sample date. The adult sampling technique was efficient within 10 to 20% C.V. about the mean based on sixty 0.92 m² samples collected with a vacuum backpack insect collector (D-Vac ® manufactured by D-Vac Co., Riverside, Calif.). Developmental rates for eggs and nymphs and ovipositional rates of adult females in laboratory studies were determined at several temperatures. Egg and nymphal development rate increased with increasing temperatures from 13 to 32°C. The development followed a linear relationship between upper and lower threshold levels. Oviposition rate was consistent between 18 to 29°C, but ceased above and below these temperatures. Developmental rates and maximum-minimum daily temperatures were used to study the effect of alfalfa harvest on egg and nymphal abundance. Mortality was high after harvest, and harvest time was important in reducing potato leafhopper abundance. Clean harvest practices were also important in reducing egg and nymphal survival, and in reducing population buildup of potato leafhoppers on early regrowth of alfalfa. / Ph. D.

Michigan is a state with a relatively long history in formalized employee-employer relations in the public sector. In 1965, the Public Employees Relations Act was established. Under this Act most public employees had the right to organize, to bargain, to hold representative elections, to expect determination of appropriate bargaining units and to seek redress of unfair labor practices. Employers were obligated to bargain in good faith. Mediation and factfinding could be initiated by employers or employees in case of impasse. Strikes were illegal under the Act, but severe penalties for striking, present in previous acts, were removed. This Public Employee Relations Act was amended in 1972 to provide for compulsory arbitration of contract disputes for police and fire fighters. Factfinding remained the terminal point in the intervention process for all other public sector disputes. The establishment of interest arbitration for "essential" public employees, i.e., police and fire fighters, saw a dramatic decline in the number of strikes among those groups. However, among "non~essential" employees, the number of strikes in Michigan increased dramatically and Michigan earned the dubious distinction of being one of the most strike-prone in the nation for the public sector. The vast majority of these strikes involved public school teachers--mostly in elementary and secondary schools. The primary research technique utilized in the study was the Likert-type questionnaire. Respondents were asked to indicate their feelings toward 39 statements (strongly agree to strongly disagree). The responses to the statements, all of which were directed toward aspects of contract dispute resolution, were tabulated according to groups. The group to which the instruments were sent were the local school board chairmen, the local superintendents of schools, the presidents of local teacher associations or unions and the local staff of NEA affiliate associations. Analysis of variance and the Duncan multiple-range test were applied to the data to test the statistical significance of mean responses by group. The basic conclusions reached through this study, were as follows: 1. Public school employer leaders did not agree that compulsory and binding arbitration are effective contract settlement devices. Teacher organization leaders disagree with those sentiments. 2. Employer leaders and employee leaders disagreed on whether arbitration is in the public interest. Employers say not, employees disagreed. They agree that binding arbitration serves the public interest if it eliminates strikes. 3. Employee leaders found arbitrators better qualified and competent than employer leaders found them. 4. Employers supported mediation of disputes while teacher leaders question its effectiveness. 5. Staff did not agree that factfinding was an effective settlement device. 6. All groups agreed that voluntary arbitration is effective. 7. All groups agreed that the public prefers arbitration to job actions. 8. All groups agreed that parties in dispute will only submit to arbitration when it appears to be to their advantage. This study suggested continued public school labor unrest in Michigan; political confrontation over compulsary arbitration for "non-essential" public employees and the need to experiment with mediation-arbitration as a contract dispute settlement device. / Ed. D.

Some factors affecting toxicity, selectivity, uptake distribution and site of action of EPTC (S-ethyl dipropydithiocarbamate) as affected by R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide) were investigated in field, greenhouse and laboratory experiments. EPTC at 6.7 kg/ha was 20 to 30% more toxic to various corn cultivars when applied to sandy and lower organic matter (0.8%) soil than with fine sandy loam soil (0.M. 3.1%). The 'TXS114' cultivar was more tolerant than 'XL55' to EPTC treatment. The seeds of 'XL55' absorbed 20% more EPTC than the seeds of 'TXS114' after 12 hr of incubation in ¹⁴C-EPTC. Movement of ¹⁴C was toward the actively growing portions of root and shoot. Embryo of 'TXS114' accumulated 48% of total uptake compared to 60% in 'XL55' cultivar. Apparently, herbicide antidote R-25788 conjugated or otherwise delayed movement of ¹⁴C toward the shoot by concentrating ¹⁴C in seed of highly tolerant compared to shoot of 'XL55', a highly susceptible cultivar. Therefore, susceptibility of 'XL55' is apparently due to its relatively high uptake and site of accumulation. The total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) in seeds of 'TXS114' was 18% more than 'XL55' and this differences strongly correlated with their injury responses to EPTC. Lipid synthesis was inhibited by more than 50% in Chlorella cells when EPTC was used at 2 x 10⁻⁴ M concentration after 1 hr of incubation. Similar result was found in corn protoplasts which was inhibited by 23% after 2 hr of incubation with EPTC at 12 x 10⁻⁵ M, suggesting that primary site of action of EPTC is inhibition of lipid synthesis. The other metabolic processes investigated were possibly secondary effects resulting from lipid synthesis inhibition because their inhibitory actions were noticeable only after several hours of cell incubation. The antidote R-25788 combined with EPTC caused a reduction in lipid synthesis inhibition by 31 and 20%, respectively in both Chlorella and corn protoplasts. It is then suggested that the primary action of antidote R-25788 in cells is reversal of the inhibitory effects caused by EPTC on metabolic processes in plants. / Ph. D.

A computer model, the Finite Element Storm Hydrograph Model (FESHM), was developed to integrate spatiotemporal variability in climatic and watershed descriptors into a model structure to determine stormwater runoff from small watersheds. The model consisted of two major components: a rainfall excess generator and a flood routing algorithm. The Holtan infiltration equation was used as the basis of a soil moisture routine to estimate rainfall excess from a given rainfall distribution. The finite element technique, with Galerkin's residual method, was used to provide a numerical solution of the equations of continuity and momentum for one-dimensional transient flow for routing overland and channel flow through a drainage system. A spatially responsive modeling concept was assumed. To implement this concept the watershed was discretized into hydrologic response units (HRU's) based on soil mapping units and landuse to improve estimates of rainfall excess. The watershed's topography and drainage patterns were used to define finite elements to improve the accuracy of flow routing. These two discretization schemes resulted in poor geometric registration. This problem was resolved by a linear weighting of the rainfall excess from each HPU located within a given element as a function of the area occupied by the HRU to the total element area. Spatial uniqueness was maintained on a relatively small scale. Sufficient flexibility was incorporated into the model to allow varying levels of discretization without rebuilding the model structure. Procedures were developed for defining model parameters for application of the model in an ungaged context. The effect of landuse changes on the hydrologic response of a watershed can be, at least, conceptually evaluated with this model structure. A modeling framework also is provided for the prediction of water quality. A hypothetical watershed was used te conduct a sensitivity analysis of model parameters. Six experimental watersheds located in different physiographic regions of Virginia were used to evaluate the capability of the model to predict stormwater flow for flood-producing events in an ungaged context. Comparison of simulated and recorded hydrographs ranged from good to excellent / Ph. D.

Four experiments were performed to investigate the responses of neonatal chicks in either a straight runway or an open-field to same-age, conspecific distress and contentment vocalizations over the first several days of post-hatch life. Three hundred forty-eight White Leghorn chicks from either a sample of the Cornell Randombred or Athens Canadian x Cornell Randombred population were tested at 24, 48, 72, 96, and/or 144 hours of age. The effects of intermittent light (Experiment 2) and rearing conditions (Experiments 3 and 4) on chick responsivity to conspecific vocalizations were also examined. The results indicated that contentment vocalization stimulation produced lower approach latencies and higher activity levels than distress vocalization stimulation. Moreover, many of the behavioral responses varied with the age of the birds, however, these relationships were seldom monotonic. In addition, individually reared chicks engaged in much higher levels of activity (lower approach latencies, more contentment peeping, more pecking and more orientation away responses) than socially reared birds. Patterns of behavior associated with the reception of conspecific vocalization stimulation were different from the patterns of behavior associated with the emission of these calls. Speculations concerning the communicative Significance of domestic chick distress and contentment vocalizations were discussed. / Ph. D.

Statement of the Problem Despite strong evidence that effective leadership by district managers is important for organizational success, there is a void of research dealing with the application of leadership theories and leadership training programs in field sales force management. The dissertation focuses upon validating the Vroom-Yetton Normative Model of Leader Behavior in this area and upon measuring the training effect of Telos which is a leadership training program built around this model. Methodology A purposive sample of forty district managers was taken from two companies. The validation process used to validate the Normative Model was a replication of the process used by Vroom et al. in earlier Studies. Recalled situations provided by the twenty trainees were used. To measure the training effect, the Nonequivalent Control Group design was employed. Two differential measures (gain scores) of leadership behavior were analyzed for both the training and control groups. Results and Conclusions Thirty-five recalled situations were generated in the validation process. From the analysis of these situations, the major finding was that district managers did not significantly increase their chances of having successful decision outcomes result from their use of leader behaviors consistent with the prescriptions of the Normative Model. However, the test results were in the predicted directions. Despite the lack of significance, a probability of .15 indicates the model did quite well in prescribing appropriate leader behaviors to district managers. The major conclusion drawn from the validation process was that the Normative Model appeared to have potential for prescribing leader behaviors to district managers which increase the probability of producing successful decision outcomes. Statistical tests of the two measures used to measure the training effect showed significant changes occurring in the leader behavior of the trained district managers. The average level of participation that trainees would offer to their subordinates changed significantly more than that offered by the control group. On the second measure, trained district managers showed significant improvement in choosing leader behaviors consistent with the feasible set of leader behaviors prescribed by the Normative Model. The major implication was that Telos affected significant learning in the training group. To determine the precise areas of learning, statistical testing of the training group's scores on the set of seven guidelines underlying the model was done. The results indicated that district Managers significantly decreased their number of violations on six of the seven guidelines. The research suggests that the Vroom-Yetton Normative Model of Leader Behavior appears to offer potential to district managers as a tool for improving their leadership effectiveness. Future validation studies are needed to provide empirical evidence to support the model's validity in field sales force management. The results from testing the training effect of Telos indicated that Telos affected Significant changes in the leadership behavior of trained district managers. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this study was to develop causal models relative to the premarital use of contraception among male and female college students. Eleven predictor variables were incorporated in separate male and female models. Self~administered questionnaires were mailed to a random sample of dormitory residents at a large southeastern university. A path analysis procedure was performed on the data from those students who were nonvirgins. The male model accounted for 20 percent of the total variance. The most influential predictor variable was the frequency in which males engaged in coitus. The more frequently they engaged in coitus, the more likely they or their partner used a reliable contraceptive at their latest coitus. Males who had expected coitus to occur before it did were more likely to have used a reliable contraceptive than males who did not expect coitus to occur. This was the second most influential variable in the male model. The female model accounted for 15 percent of the total variance. The most influential predictor variable was the degree of emotional attachment the females had toward their sex partner. The greater the degree of emotional attachment, the greater the likelihood they or their partner used a reliable contraceptive at their latest coital experience. Females were also more likely to have used reliable contraception at their most recent sexual intercourse the greater the number of close friends who were thought to use contraception. This was the second most influential variable in the model. Methodological and theoretical implications were discussed and recommendations for future research were made. / Ph. D.

Purpose The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to identify the major personal, social and academic adjustment problems experienced by minority graduate students at two contrasting institutions and (2) to compare the identified major adjustment problems of such students. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University is a predominantly white institution, and Virginia State College is a predominantly black institution. The minority students under study, therefore, are black in one case but white in the other. Procedure A questionnaire was developed through a review of the literature with emphasis placed on three studies: (1) Han (1975), (2) Sharma (1971), and (3) Stevens (1976). The inventory incorporated a le point Likert-type scale for respondents to indicate their opinion toward stated items labeled desirable/undesirable indicative of adjustment concerns. Descriptive statistics were used in analyzing the data. Frequency counts and percentages were calculated for each item on the questionnaire. A level of 50 percent or more was used to determine major problems depending on whether the item was labeled desirable/undesirable. A 25 to 9 percent level was used to identify items as concerns. Chi Square tests were used to compare the identified problems. Population This study was concerned with the full-time minority (i.e., black) graduate students enrolled at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, a traditionally white institution, and the full-time minority (i.e., caucasian) graduate students enrolled at Virginia State College, a traditionally black institution. Forty-eight respondents constituted the total target population. There were thirty-seven minority black graduate students from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and eleven minority caucasian graduate students from Virginia State College. Summary of Findings The major academic adjustment problems encountered by black graduate students while studying at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University were instruction not meeting the individual needs of students and the employment of irrelevant factors by some professors to make student evaluation. The major social problems reported were making personal friends with caucasian graduate students, being accepted by the social peer groups and inhibited participation in campus activities. The major academic adjustment problem encountered by the caucasian graduate students while studying at Virginia State College was instruction not meeting the needs of students. The major social problems were making personal friends with black graduate students, being accepted by the social peer groups and inhibited participation in campus activities. The major personal problems were apprehensions about enrolling at the institution and negative experiences encountered while attending the institution. The comparisons made between the minority black graduate students and the minority caucasian graduate students yielded very similar results. The data revealed that the minority groups were similar in the adjustment problems encountered and the concerns identified. The largest percentage of major adjustment problems for both groups occurred in the Social area. The academic area contained the second highest area with major adjustment problems for the minority black graduate students, while the second highest area for the minority caucasian graduate students was the personal area. Major Recommendation College and university officials when considering the recruitment, restructuring or enhancing the environment of the minority graduate students should review the findings of this study as presented in Chapter IV. Specific recommendations with regard to the findings and conclusions are offered in Chapter V of this study. / Ed. D.