The species concept in Pholiota, stirp Adiposa Smith and Hesler, has been investigated by applying electrophoretic techniques to isolates that have previously been examined for their morphology and mutual mating compatibility. Crude protein extracts of soluble proteins from mycelium grown in liquid shake culture were used to obtain general protein patterns and zyrnograms of esterases, (alphanaphthylamidases), phenoloxidases (laccases and tyrosinases), and peroxidases on polyacrylamide gels. Harvesting of different isolates for protein extraction was carried out at comparable stages of development using dry weight determinations and respiration studies as criteria. Peroxidase and phenoloxidase zyrnograms showed wide areas of activity and no distinct banding patterns were attained. Esterase zymograms displayed characteristics that made it possible to arrange the studied isolates in separate groups, but this classification did not completely follow results from the previous work. The chemotaxonomic approach to the species complex of P. aurivella (Fr.) and P. limonella (Pk.) Sacc. showed that the species are closely related and cannot clearly be separated in this way. / Master of Science

Adult and weanling rats were used in two studies which investigated the ti.me course of and developmental differences in the toxic effects of a single i.p. injection of LiCl. The studies examined LiCl' s effect on food reinforced bar pressing, open-field behavior, water intake, and taste aversion learning. Both experiments used a 2 x 3 x 21 mixed design which provided for the factorial combination of adult and weanling age groups with three injection conditions, 1.2 mEq LiCl, 3.0 mEq LiCl, and isotonic saline, and 21 test trials over a period of 2 1/2 hours. Experiment 1 demonstrated that LiCl reduced rates of bar pressing. Numerically, weanlings showed the maximum toxic effects later and recovered earlier than adults, but the age difference was not significant. Data from the open-field observations were factor analyzed; analysis of variance on the resultant factor scores showed significant drug effects for only one of four common factors. The factor showing significant results correlated most highly with lying down in the open-field and numerically but not statistically indicated that weanlings exhibit an earlier but less intense effect of LiCl injection relative to adults. Overall the behavioral effects of LiCl were strongest from 8 to 28 minutes post injection and were essentially absent after 2 1/2 hours. LiCl was shown to reduce fluid intake with the reduction being less for weanlings than for adults. LiCl injection produced taste aversions in all groups, both ages showed equilivant levels of aversion. / Master of Science

Architecture which is partially or totally beneath the earth's surface has the advantage of the high insulative capacity of the soil. As a result it takes less energy to warm an underground building than a comparably sized aboveground building. However, many people consider underground architecture to be psychologically cold. This thesis shows that there is more to warmth than the much publicized thermal aspect. There is also a psychological warmth which is just as necessary as the physiologically based thermal warmth for the creation of viable underground architecture. Understanding in the areas of both psychological and physiological components of warmth will contribute to the creation of an experience which is holistic in nature. / Master of Architecture

Descriptive type classification data recorded by the HolsteinFriesian Association of America was compared to DHIA production data to determine which of the type subtraits were related to first lactation production, first calving interval, herd life, and lifetime milk and fat yields. Variables other than type traits were expressed as deviations from the contemporary average. Heritabilities of type subtraits ranged from .00 to .45. First lactation milk and fat yields were approximately 30% heritable, whereas lifetime yields were only 11% heritable. Herd life was nearly 8% heritable, and the first calving interval had a heritability estimate of .04. Means of first lactation and lifetime variables were computed by type subtrait and adjusted for effects of all other type traits. Linear and quadratic effects of final score, age and stage of lactation.when classified, and age at first calving were also removed through regression. Differences in herd life opportunity were removed from lifetime variables. Adjusted means suggested that sloping rump was the only type subtrait related to a highly significant (P<.01) shortened first calving interval. Type subtraits related to high first lactation milk and fat yields included narrow front end, broken fore udder, udder floor too low, and tilted udder floor. However, broken fore udder was associated with shortened herd life and reduced lifetime yields. The other three type subtraits plus medium strength front end, sloping rump, bulgy fore udder, high and wide rear udder, and desirable teat size, shape, and placement had highly significant positive adjusted means for lifetime milk and fat production. / Master of Science

This thesis is a documentation of research, evaluation, and design for the Pahlavi National Library project for Tehran, Iran. The written section of the thesis externalizes the most critical issues and concerns gathered from the evaluation of traditional architecture in Iran and the examination of the needs of libraries in general. These two factors were combined with the given program to generate the design of the library. A conceptual framework of what a National Library should be is established in conjunction with a set of architectural criteria employed for decision making. The project requires a solution at three different levels: that of the building itself as a library; the building's adaptability in the context of a culture, and, especially, the building's relationship to the climate. On the whole, the design of this thesis has mainly generated from two major objectives. Primarily, to design a functional and social environment whose plan incorporates and reflects an understanding of traditional architecture--a facility that is adaptive for its purpose, its users, and its environments. Secondly, to document the process which has led to the design solution. / Master of Architecture

The purposes of the study reported in this thesis were to determine the limiting raw water turbidity that could be treated using selected direct filtration treatment schemes and to compare the results of direct filtration and conventional water treatment. A dual media, granular filter employing coal and sand was used to treat New River water with turbidity adjusted by addition of bentonite. Besides influent turbidity, other variables of interest were coagulant choice, inclusion of flocculation with direct filtration, and the hydraulic loading rate applied to the filter. Results indicated that direct filtration treatment may be an attractive treatment alternative for raw water of influent turbidity less than 5-8 Ntu. Alum appeared to be the coagulant of choice because the selected high molecular cationic polymer system exhibited too rapid headless in the relatively fine grained filter. Flocculating the coagulated water for 30 minutes allowed direct filtration treatment of raw water with turbidity of 15 Ntu when polymer coagulant was used. / Master of Science

This study was undertaken to investigate the importance of clothing to adult men and to ascertain whether differences existed in clothing interests of young adult (age 25-44), middle aged (age 45-64) and elderly (age 65-80) men. A secondary purpose was to investigate the relationships between the five factors of clothing interest and other demographic variables. A questionnaire was administered to 244 Lions and Kiwanis club members in southwestern Virginia. Analysis of the data revealed that the older men had higher average scores on four of the five aspects of clothing interest (personal appearance, conformity, psychological awareness, and modesty). Concern with modesty in clothing increased significantly with age for all three groups with the younger men exhibiting the least degree of concern. Concern with personal appearance was the highest component of clothing interest and concern with the use of clothing to enhance the self-concept was the lowest of the five dimensions for the sample. The most influential demographic variables were occupation and income. Protective and service workers indicated the least degree of concern on four factors, personal appearance, conformity, psychological awareness, and self-concept, for the sample. Their interest in personal appearance was significantly lower than the interest displayed by business men, clerks, and kindred workers. Individuals earning incomes of less than $20,000 were more interested in the psychological awareness of clothing than men with higher incomes. Overall, the men in this sample exhibited a low to medium degree of interest in clothing. / Master of Science

The species complex and population dynamics of spiders were studied in an abandoned and several commercial apple orchards in Virginia. There were 68 and 45 species found in the abandoned and combined commercial orchards respectively. Species numbers in individual commercial orchards ranged from 18-28. There were 16 species common to all sprayed orchards. Members of the Salticidae, Philodromidae, Thomisidae, Theridiidae, Anyphaenidae, and Dictynidae, together comprised about 90% of the total spiders collected in the abandoned orchard during a one year study. Results from commercial orchards reflected similar findings. Two peaks of spider abundance were usually observed in all orchards; a small one in the spring and a larger one in the late summer-fall. Spiders often represented over 50% of the total predators collected in commercial orchards during the spring and fall. Studies of the association of spiders and various pest-prey indicate that spiders may be important suppressive or regulatory agents especially with regards to aphid and tortricid leafroller populations. Results of an evaluation of the seasonal efficiency of the limb beating sampling technique indicated that the sampling method was acceptable for quantitative spider population estimates. The time of sampling did not effect the population estimates of spiders during the normal sampling periods of 6 a.m. - 6 p.m. Spider feeding tests on insect pests-prey and beneficials showed that one pest species could be preyed upon by a complex of spider species. Beneficial insects such as Lepthothrips mali (Fitch) also were susceptible to capture by several spider species. / Master of Science

Herdmate comparison used currently by Holstein-Friesian Association of America to calculate predicted difference type was compared to two iterative procedures, adjusting for average PDT of herdmates' sires and average cow index of herdmates respectively, and a mixed model method. PDTs were calculated using the different methods for 6816 bulls with ten or more daughters. Mean PDT for the herdmate comparison was -.18 while means for the two respective iterative procedures were -.24 and -.19. Mixed model proofs sum to zero. Adjustments for average PDT of herdmates' sires increased variance of proofs compared to the other systems. Mixed model PDTs were least variable. Correlations between herdmate average and two measures of genetic merit of herdmates, average PDT of herdmates' sires and average cow index of herdmates, were .48 and .45. Positive regression coefficients of final score and herdmate average on two measures of genetic merit of herdmates also indicated a positive association between herd average and level of competition. The effects of failure to account for genetic merit of herdmates under present system was examined. Progeny were divided into low, middle, and high herdmate average groups and ·summaries were calculated for 778 sires with at least 20 daughters in each of three groups. Mean PDTs calculated by the herdmate comparison were .12, -.28, and -.45 for the low, middle, and high groups respectively. Eighty-three percent of the low herdmate comparison PDTs exceeded summaries in high group and 70% of low group evaluations were greater than respective middle group PDTs indicating biases in present sire summaries due to failure to account for genetic level of competition. Adjustment for average PDT of herdmates' sires and average cow index of herdmates reduced the advantage of PDTs calculated in low levels. The mixed model method appeared to be most effective in reducing biases in favor of bulls proven in below average herds. Summaries in low group were consistently higher than PDTs calculated in the other levels due to inability to completely remove differences in selection intensities among herds. PDTs calculated in high group were consistently less variable than those calculated in low herd levels. Means of final score, average PDT of herdmates' sires, and average cow index of herdmates were larger and less variable than corresponding means in low group demonstrating increased selection for type in high scoring herds. Accuracy in sire evaluation for type will be improved by adjusting for genetic merit of herdmates, however bulls proven primarily in low scoring herds will continue to be favored slightly. / Master of Science

Water, sediment, detritus, caddisflies, snails, and crayfish were collected from Bull Run between July 31 and October 2, 1977 and analyzed for Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr, and Cu by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after appropriate digestion and extraction procedures. The samples were collected from six sampling stations along Bull Run which received sewage effluent, urban runoff, and stormwater drainage from the Manassas area. Sampling stations included an upstream control located well above the urban area, four stations located immediately above and below suspected stormwater inputs, and a station sufficiently removed from direct stormwater input. Concentrations of Pb and Cu in water, sediment, detritus, and caddisflies increased with increasing distance downstream and were significantly (0.95 level) greater in these components immediately below the stormwater input than at the upstream control. Concentrations of Pb in sediment collected at a downstream station were significantly greater than those at the control station even though the control sediment characteristics favored metal retention more than the downstream sediment characteristics. Mean Cu concentrations in sediments at this station were greater (but not significantly) than at the upstream control station while all other metals were concentrated the least in sediment at the downstream station. Significant (0.95 and 0.99 level) linear correlation coefficients among a majority of stream components were found for Pb and Cu. It appears that urban runoff and stormwater drainage contributed sufficient quantities of Pb and Cu into Bull Run such that these metals accumulated greater in stream components below the Manassas urban area. / Master of Science