This study considers the problem of estimating merchantable volume to some specified top diameter or height limit. The models were separated into two categories. Volume ratio models give the ratios of merchantable to total volume. Taper equations when integrated provide volume estimates of any segment of the bole. Data from plantations and natural stands of loblolly pine were used to compare the models for ability to predict merchantable volumes. Additional evaluations were made among the taper equations to determine the one that "best" describes stem taper. Results showed that different models should be used for different objectives. / Master of Science

Porous pavements are examined for their ability to contribute to environmentally-sound stormwater management practice. The hydrological impacts of conventional urban land development are examined. New legislative directions in stormwater management are examined and a brief sun1Inary of currently used sound stormwater management practices is presented. Porous pavements are classified and available information on design standards are presented. Realizing the lack of information on their hydrological characteristics, paver systems were tested at the Environmental Systems Laboratory of the College of Architecture and Urban Studies. Tentative coefficients of runoff were developed for these pavement systems. The coefficients for the two pavements tested were compared and a number of hydrological perf ormance characteristics were noted. A discussion of future directions of V.P.I.&S.U. research in this area is also included. / Master of Architecture

A study was undertaken to determine what effects, if any, exposure to ozone would have on a rabbit, as indicated by changes in its ear temperature patterns. By using a thermographic camera, thermal contours were obtained prior to, during and after exposure to low levels of ozone (near 1.0 ppm). Results from three ozonation experiments indicated a decrease in ear temperature of up to 2°C upon ozone's introduction. No evidence of recovery was noted within 12 minutes following exposure. / Master of Science

The species concept in Pholiota, stirp Adiposa Smith and Hesler, has been investigated by applying electrophoretic techniques to isolates that have previously been examined for their morphology and mutual mating compatibility. Crude protein extracts of soluble proteins from mycelium grown in liquid shake culture were used to obtain general protein patterns and zyrnograms of esterases, (alphanaphthylamidases), phenoloxidases (laccases and tyrosinases), and peroxidases on polyacrylamide gels. Harvesting of different isolates for protein extraction was carried out at comparable stages of development using dry weight determinations and respiration studies as criteria. Peroxidase and phenoloxidase zyrnograms showed wide areas of activity and no distinct banding patterns were attained. Esterase zymograms displayed characteristics that made it possible to arrange the studied isolates in separate groups, but this classification did not completely follow results from the previous work. The chemotaxonomic approach to the species complex of P. aurivella (Fr.) and P. limonella (Pk.) Sacc. showed that the species are closely related and cannot clearly be separated in this way. / Master of Science

Adult and weanling rats were used in two studies which investigated the ti.me course of and developmental differences in the toxic effects of a single i.p. injection of LiCl. The studies examined LiCl' s effect on food reinforced bar pressing, open-field behavior, water intake, and taste aversion learning. Both experiments used a 2 x 3 x 21 mixed design which provided for the factorial combination of adult and weanling age groups with three injection conditions, 1.2 mEq LiCl, 3.0 mEq LiCl, and isotonic saline, and 21 test trials over a period of 2 1/2 hours. Experiment 1 demonstrated that LiCl reduced rates of bar pressing. Numerically, weanlings showed the maximum toxic effects later and recovered earlier than adults, but the age difference was not significant. Data from the open-field observations were factor analyzed; analysis of variance on the resultant factor scores showed significant drug effects for only one of four common factors. The factor showing significant results correlated most highly with lying down in the open-field and numerically but not statistically indicated that weanlings exhibit an earlier but less intense effect of LiCl injection relative to adults. Overall the behavioral effects of LiCl were strongest from 8 to 28 minutes post injection and were essentially absent after 2 1/2 hours. LiCl was shown to reduce fluid intake with the reduction being less for weanlings than for adults. LiCl injection produced taste aversions in all groups, both ages showed equilivant levels of aversion. / Master of Science

Architecture which is partially or totally beneath the earth's surface has the advantage of the high insulative capacity of the soil. As a result it takes less energy to warm an underground building than a comparably sized aboveground building. However, many people consider underground architecture to be psychologically cold. This thesis shows that there is more to warmth than the much publicized thermal aspect. There is also a psychological warmth which is just as necessary as the physiologically based thermal warmth for the creation of viable underground architecture. Understanding in the areas of both psychological and physiological components of warmth will contribute to the creation of an experience which is holistic in nature. / Master of Architecture

Descriptive type classification data recorded by the HolsteinFriesian Association of America was compared to DHIA production data to determine which of the type subtraits were related to first lactation production, first calving interval, herd life, and lifetime milk and fat yields. Variables other than type traits were expressed as deviations from the contemporary average. Heritabilities of type subtraits ranged from .00 to .45. First lactation milk and fat yields were approximately 30% heritable, whereas lifetime yields were only 11% heritable. Herd life was nearly 8% heritable, and the first calving interval had a heritability estimate of .04. Means of first lactation and lifetime variables were computed by type subtrait and adjusted for effects of all other type traits. Linear and quadratic effects of final score, age and stage of lactation.when classified, and age at first calving were also removed through regression. Differences in herd life opportunity were removed from lifetime variables. Adjusted means suggested that sloping rump was the only type subtrait related to a highly significant (P<.01) shortened first calving interval. Type subtraits related to high first lactation milk and fat yields included narrow front end, broken fore udder, udder floor too low, and tilted udder floor. However, broken fore udder was associated with shortened herd life and reduced lifetime yields. The other three type subtraits plus medium strength front end, sloping rump, bulgy fore udder, high and wide rear udder, and desirable teat size, shape, and placement had highly significant positive adjusted means for lifetime milk and fat production. / Master of Science

This thesis is a documentation of research, evaluation, and design for the Pahlavi National Library project for Tehran, Iran. The written section of the thesis externalizes the most critical issues and concerns gathered from the evaluation of traditional architecture in Iran and the examination of the needs of libraries in general. These two factors were combined with the given program to generate the design of the library. A conceptual framework of what a National Library should be is established in conjunction with a set of architectural criteria employed for decision making. The project requires a solution at three different levels: that of the building itself as a library; the building's adaptability in the context of a culture, and, especially, the building's relationship to the climate. On the whole, the design of this thesis has mainly generated from two major objectives. Primarily, to design a functional and social environment whose plan incorporates and reflects an understanding of traditional architecture--a facility that is adaptive for its purpose, its users, and its environments. Secondly, to document the process which has led to the design solution. / Master of Architecture

The purposes of the study reported in this thesis were to determine the limiting raw water turbidity that could be treated using selected direct filtration treatment schemes and to compare the results of direct filtration and conventional water treatment. A dual media, granular filter employing coal and sand was used to treat New River water with turbidity adjusted by addition of bentonite. Besides influent turbidity, other variables of interest were coagulant choice, inclusion of flocculation with direct filtration, and the hydraulic loading rate applied to the filter. Results indicated that direct filtration treatment may be an attractive treatment alternative for raw water of influent turbidity less than 5-8 Ntu. Alum appeared to be the coagulant of choice because the selected high molecular cationic polymer system exhibited too rapid headless in the relatively fine grained filter. Flocculating the coagulated water for 30 minutes allowed direct filtration treatment of raw water with turbidity of 15 Ntu when polymer coagulant was used. / Master of Science

This study was undertaken to investigate the importance of clothing to adult men and to ascertain whether differences existed in clothing interests of young adult (age 25-44), middle aged (age 45-64) and elderly (age 65-80) men. A secondary purpose was to investigate the relationships between the five factors of clothing interest and other demographic variables. A questionnaire was administered to 244 Lions and Kiwanis club members in southwestern Virginia. Analysis of the data revealed that the older men had higher average scores on four of the five aspects of clothing interest (personal appearance, conformity, psychological awareness, and modesty). Concern with modesty in clothing increased significantly with age for all three groups with the younger men exhibiting the least degree of concern. Concern with personal appearance was the highest component of clothing interest and concern with the use of clothing to enhance the self-concept was the lowest of the five dimensions for the sample. The most influential demographic variables were occupation and income. Protective and service workers indicated the least degree of concern on four factors, personal appearance, conformity, psychological awareness, and self-concept, for the sample. Their interest in personal appearance was significantly lower than the interest displayed by business men, clerks, and kindred workers. Individuals earning incomes of less than $20,000 were more interested in the psychological awareness of clothing than men with higher incomes. Overall, the men in this sample exhibited a low to medium degree of interest in clothing. / Master of Science