Discussed is the design, implementation and use of a graPHIGS (IBM PHIGS) based sub-system that provides for shading of graphical models using the Phong shading technique. The ISO standard for 3D graphics, PHIGS, provides for wireframe display and manipulation of graphics data. PHIGS + implementations, while providing this capability, will not be widely available for some time. This capability will provide a generally useful extension to PHIGS for use by PHIGS based applications. The software provides the applications programmer with a graPHIGS based instruction set which acts as a superset to the current graPHIGS calls. Using the provided functions the user can quickly do hidden surface elimination and Phong rendering of 3-D models in 3-D views. The program contains approximately 15,000 lines of C code and uses graPHIGS inquiries and calls for information retrieval and data structure maintenance. / Master of Science

Several factors related to the proper shipping of fresh seafood by airplane were studied in this thesis. These included precooling, gel pack effectiveness, external temperatures encountered by shipping containers, and coolant placement in a shipping container. Experiments were conducted to determine cooling times of 10 and 20 pound boxes and 10 pound bags of whole fish. The ”10-pound” box was then modelled using finite element techniques. The model was found to accurately predict the temperature response of the box for a constant temperature boundary condition. Different boundary conditions were applied to the model. These were: constant temperature (such as an ice-slurry); low, medium and high velocity air (such as in a commercial refrigerator). The model was then used to predict cooling times for the other boundary conditions. The enthalpy needed to thaw the contents of different gel packs was measured and compared to that of ice. None of the gel packs had as high an enthalpy as ice. In addition, the warming characteristics of the gel packs with the highest enthalpy was compared to those of ice. It was found that the warming characteristics of the gel pack appeared to be similar to that of ice. The actual shipment of seafood to distant markets was studied by sending a data logger with several shipments to the west coast and collecting temperature data every 5 minutes during these shipments. Temperatures in 12 different locations were measured. Of particular interest were the outside temperatures which were later used in the modeling of the shipments. The shipments were sent in EQ containers. The containers experienced a wide range of temperatures. A finite element model was developed to predict the temperature of seafood under simulated transport conditions. Two boundary conditions were applied to the model; these were still air at 30°C and the approximate temperatures encountered during one of the shipments. Three different arrangements of coolant placement were studied. These were all ice on top of the product, half the ice on top and half in a layer in the middle of the product, and half of the ice on top of the product and half of the ice below the product. The latter arrangement provided the most uniform temperature distribution of the three through 18 hours of simulation. It was also found that shipments should be delivered in less than 24 hours for the amount of coolant used. / Master of Science

Spectacular production rates have been achieved by certain U.S. longwalls, and yet a large number of longwall operations have failed to meet anticipated production targets. This study attempts to identify the primary factors which contribute to the production shortcomings of many marginal longwall operations. This study presents details of the classification and analysis of delay data for a group of thirty-nine longwall sections located in the eastern and mid-eastern United States. Downtime data correspondIng to over fourteen-thousand shifts were collected and classified according to equipment type, delay type, and specific delay event. A dBase IV-based database was constructed to allow flexible interrogation of the data. The relative downtime contributions of the various equipment components and of the delay types have been determined. Machine availabilities and system availabilities are presented. Probability density functions have been flit to the time-to-failure and to the time-to-repair data sets, both for the principal equipment types and for the longwall system as a whole. Recommendations are made for increasing the availability of longwall systems. / Master of Science

The dynamic characteristics of the K-Gill anemometer were evaluated by comparing the anemometer with a hot wire system in a field test, after the static characteristics of the anemometer had been evaluated in a wind tunnel test. The wind tunnel test showed a non-linear and a non-cosine behavior, as shown in previous studies (Ataktürk, 1988; Pond et al., 1979). The turbulence energy spectra from the field test revealed that the propeller anemometer behaves like a single-pole low-pass RC filter, as suggested in previous studies (Ataktürk, 1988; Pond et al., 1979; MacCready and Jex, 1964). The test results showed that mean wind velocity components can be measured with an error of 2%. To determine the Reynolds stress values, uw covariance and friction velocity from different methods were compared. When the stability conditions were unknown, the resulting Reynolds stress estimations have 15% relative differences between different methods. / Master of Science

An algorithm to design simple gain scheduled nonlinear PID controllers for nonlinear plants is investigated. Design information is obtained from measurements of the nonlinear plant about selected equilibrium points. Simulations are performed on two different nonlinear CSTR models. The first simulation produced an unexpected result: that linear output feedback performed better than state feedback for the particular model. The second simulation showed that the nonlinear PID controller performed as well as a complex nonlinear controller. A literature search for similar nonlinear controllers concluded that the nonlinear PID controller presented in this thesis did not provide a unified framework for previous work. / Master of Science

Maximum G Edge-Packing (E Pack_G) is the problem of finding the maximum number of edge-disjoint isomorphic copies of a fixed guest graph G in a host graph H. The problem is primarily considered for several guest graphs (stars, paths and cycles) and host graphs (arbitrary graphs, planar graphs and trees). We give polynomial-time algorithms when G is a 2-path or when H is a tree; we show the problem is NP-complete otherwise. Also, we propose straightforward greedy polynomial-time approximation algorithms which are at least 1/|E_G| optimal. / Master of Science

Two successive ejaculates were collected from six mature Holstein bulls at 3 d intervals for 7 wks. Elevated testicular temperature was induced by complete coverage of the scrotum with insulated material for 48 h. Viability (motility and acrosome integrity) and morphological characteristics of sperm before and after thermal insult were examined. For assessment of results, collection days were grouped: days -6, -3, 0 = Period 1 (d 0 = day of testis coverage after semen collection on that day), days 3, 6, 9 = Period 2 , days 12, 15...39 = Period 3. Semen was cryopreserved on each day of collection until morphological abnormalities of sperm increased to >50%. Semen viability before and after freezing was lower in Period 3 than in Period 1 (P≤.01). These differences coincided with increased abnormal morphology. No differences in viability were observed between Period 1 and Period 2 for unfrozen semen. Once frozen, spermatozoa ejaculated during Period 2 were significantly different from Period 1 for both viability measurements, but only after 3 h incubation at 37°C (P≤.01). Mean percent pre-insult abnormal sperm level was 19.6 ± 5.7 and sperm morphology in Period 1 (pre-insult) did not differ from that in Period 2. Morphological change was first noted in Period 3 on d 12 and 15 (47.5 ± 27.4 and 65.0 ± 27.0 % abnormal sperm, respectively). Abnormal sperm peaked on d 21 (83.2 ± 22.8 %). Although bulls varied in degree and time of response post-insult, all bulls exhibited the same sequence of appearance for specific abnormalities. The sequence and peak means for these abnormalities observed over all bulls were as follows: decapitated sperm, d 15 (33.9 ± 28.8 %); diadem defect, d 18 (55.6 ± 25.8 %); pyriform heads and nuclear vacuoles (excluding diadems), d 21 (18.3 ± 17.6 and 20.8 ± 10.5 %, respectively); knobbed acrosomes, d 27 (11.6 ± 13.6 % ). Sperm morphology was followed through d 39, by which time all bulls were producing ≤50% abnormal cells (35.2 ± 8.0 %). We concluded that viability of epididymal/rete sperm was adversely affected by elevated testicular temperatures, as noted by lowered viability of cryopreserved semen, and that there is a sequence in appearance of abnormal cell types in repsponse to thermal insult of the testis. / Master of Science

This research is a preliminary design and feasibility analysis of a new type of shipboard electrical distribution system for Naval vessels. The design combines three traditionally separate disciplines: damage control, marine engineering, and electric power engineering to produce a hybrid system well suited for present and future surface warship environments. The design structure is a combination of shore-based power utility and shipboard distribution. The primary section is an interconnected bus feeder ring which resembles a shipboard vertical loop firemain. The bus feeder ring emulates the firemain’s network structure because it is well suited for both normal and emergency operating conditions. The distribution ring is used to transfer power between fire zones to load centers which radially feed loads within each zone. The electrical feasibility of the system was established through standard power system load flow contingency analysis, use of Navy design specifications, and direct comparison with an icebreaker radial electrical system. The new system could best be applied to small ships where the effective use of zone distribution is difficult, or where automation is needed to implement reduced manning. For large ships, this system would provide additional design alternatives which could help to reduce intersystem design interference where the requirements for one system impinge on those of another. As a final point, this system provides a viable network for facilitating the application of shore-based automatic switching technology to Naval vessels. / Master of Science

With the approval of menhaden oil pending, the food industry is trying to incorporate marine oils high in omega-3 fatty acids into food systems. The main problem obstructing its use as a food ingredient is fishy/painty flavors which occur with low levels of oxidation. The purpose of this study was to follow the formation of volatile compounds in menhaden/soybean oil blends and to correlate total volatiles with sensory odor scores. Specially Processed Menhaden Oil (SPMO) was supplied by Zapata Haynie Corporation (Reedville, VA). Blends of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 100% menhaden oil were stored for 15 weeks at 22 C, in the dark, with air in the headspace. Peroxide Value (PV) was measured. The amounts of pentane and total volatiles produced were measured using the Shimadzu static headspace attachment for the Shimadzu GC-9A capillary gas chromatograph. Total volatiles also were followed using direct injection volatile analysis. Retention times for selected volatiles were compared with those of known standards. Sensory analysis was completed using a modified version of the AOCS oil odor/flavor scorecard, with a panel of 12 trained judges. There was a significant increase in PY for each blend over the 15 week period (p<0.05). Pentane and total volatiles for the 0%, 10%, and 20% oils increased toward the end of the study but not significantly. Odor intensity scores did not increase over the 15 week period for any of the oils. The fifteen-week study period may not have been long enough for sufficient development of volatiles in the 0%, 10%, and 20% oils. The inclusion of the 100% menhaden oil altered the perceptions of the sensory panel since it had a much stronger fishy/painty odor. This caused the differences in the other oils to be overshadowed and poor correlations between sensory evaluation scores and PV and volatiles were obtained. Conditions responsible for the development of off-flavors in menhaden/soybean oil blends need further study before the commercial use of marine oils in food products is feasible. / Master of Science

Overwintering nests of C. pennsylvanicus were dissected and censused. All castes were assayed for glycerol and for changes in nutrient reserves. Spring queens were collected at swarming and allowed to initiate nests. Queens were analyzed for nutrient reserves during the early stages of nest founding. Overwintering nests contained large proportions of larvae and alates. Physical associations within the winter nest were evident between majors and alates, and between larvae and the queen; minors were associated with larvae to a lesser degree. Reproductives and larvae were negatively correlated, and worker caste ratios shifted according to whether an area was dominated by larvae or alates. Winter nest temperatures followed ambient temperatures, though fluctuations were less extreme. Glycerol was detectable in all castes and stages. Major and minor workers were similar in nutrient content. Lipid and protein contributed greater than 80% of dry weight, glycogen less than 20%, and free sugars less than 10%. Lipid was progressively depleted through winter. Majors lost most protein and dry weight between November and January, minors between February and April. Glycogen changes emulated mean ambient temperature patterns. Overwintering gynes possessed large reserves of lipid, up to approximately 62% in mid-winter. Glycogen levels rose and fell with mean ambient temperatures. Most nutrient reserves in founding queens were depleted from the head/thorax region between swarming and first larval emergence; between larval emergence and first worker eclosion, significant losses occurred only in the gaster. Protein alone increased significantly in the gaster prior to larval emergence, after which it was depleted. / Master of Science