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In order to serve the Muslim community, the Ottomans built nuclei which included educational and social services around the mosque. A nucleus of these was called a "külltye". Facilities in külltyes can be categorized under four main areas: religious, educational, social, and private. This research project attempted to examine the Ottoman külltye from an urban design point of view. It explored the külltye through two main questions: firstly. what was the relationship between the külltye and its surroundings. and secondly. how the kkülltye was designed. In order to answer these two questions, the külltye was studied at five scales: the state, the city, the immediate surroundings, the külltye itself, and flnal1y the individual open spaces in the külltye. This research work is basically a morphological study; however, when possible and appropriate the meaning behind the form is addressed. At the state scale it was found that a good level of sensitivity was utilized when planning for new külltyes. Larger cities had a larger number of külltyes and more complex programs for these külltyes. külltyes in small cities were programmed so as to serve the small community adequately without being oversized. külltyes in cities had more educational facilities while külltyes in the country were more oriented towards serving travelers. Within the city itself. central areas housed larger külltyes; while residential neighborhoods had smaller külltyes since they were intended to serve only that particular neighborhood. The number and kind of facilities were affected by the particular period during which külltyes were built. During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries külltyes were large and housed a large variety of services. That period was a period of growth and prosperity. Later centuries exhibited a different trend where külltyes became smaller and included simpler programs. Reasons for this new trend could be the existence of enough services and the economic deterioration of the state. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this study was to develop a theory for clay deformation that models the behavior represented by Bjerrum's time lines (Bjerrum (1961). The theory models time-dependent compression (secondary compression) and the "aging" effect, or increase in preconsolidation pressure with time under sustained load. The theory appears to be consistent with many aspects of the consolidation behavior of real clays, including: (1) secondary compression, (2) aging, (3) different values of Cv determined by Casagrande's method and Taylor's method, and (4) faster settlement in the field than expected on the basis of conventional theory. It thus appears to have considerable potential for use in interpreting laboratory tests and predicting field settlements more accurately than has been possible up to the present time. In addition to development of the new theory, the study involved an extensive review of previous work and suggestions for possible future studies." 14. The results of this study lead to the conclusion that the OWL model did prepare the Shawsville children for first grade experiences and that their achievement would be at least as good as those children who participated in a traditional kindergarten program. / Ph. D.

Under heterogeneous variance, conventional optimal response surface experimental designs for estimating location models are no longer optimal. To address this deficiency. D and Q criteria appropriate under heterogeneous variance are developed. These criteria are then applied to demonstrate the improved efficiency of a proposed two-stage experimental design procedure. In the proposed procedure the first stage estimates the heterogeneous variance structure and the second stage augments the first stage to produce a total design that is Q or D-optimal for the estimated variance structure. The Q and 0 criteria not only direct the total design, but also suggest optimal designs for estimating dispersion effects in the first stage. The efficiency of the proposed two-stage procedure is further enhanced if certain mild assumptions concerning variance structure are valid. These assumptions are formulated as a prior distribution and effectively stabilize the variance estimation in the first stage through a Bayes estimator. / Ph. D.

New methods for calculating the stochastic and seismic design response of linear and nonlinear structures are presented. For linear structures, two approaches are developed: (1) the modified mode displacement approach for classically as well as non-classically damped structures, and (2) the generalized force derivative approach for classically damped structures. Both techniques improve the calculation of the pseudostatic contribution of the truncated modes without including them in the analysis. In particular, the modified mode displacement approach is a useful tool for the calculation of seismic design responses affected by the contributions or higher modes. It properly considers the modal correlations as well as the correlation between retained and truncated modes. It is as fast as the mode acceleration method of structural dynamics and it only requires the commonly used ground response spectra employed by the classical mode displacement approach. On the other hand, the generalized force derivative approach requires the input to be defined in terms of its power spectral density function, but it improves even further the estimation of the missing mass effect due to the trucation of modes. For nonlinear structures, the stochastic equivalent linearization technique is employed to develop response spectrum approaches for hysteretic shear buildings and for two dimensional frames with plastic hinges. For this purpose, a generalized modal analysis technique is successfully employed. The proposed response spectrum approaches require the input be defined in terms of the response spectrum of first order oscillators as well as in terms of the commonly used ground response spectra. For shear buildings, the work is extended to include the calculation of floor response spectra. A simulation study is performed to compare the results obtained by the proposed approach. / Ph. D.

In two-dimensional flow, the point of flow separation from the surface coincides with the point at which the skin friction vanishes. However, in three-dimensional flow, the situation is much more complex and the flow separation is rarely associated with the vanishing of the wall shear stress except in a few special cases. Though the effects of cross-plane separation are substantial and have been recognized for some time, the phenomenon of flow separation over three-dimensional bodies is still far from being completely understood. The flow is so complex that no completely satisfactory analytical tools are available at the moment. In an attempt to logically identify the various effects and parametric dependence while simultaneously minimizing configuration dependent issue, the flow over a 6 to 1 prolate spheroid, which is a generic three-dimensional body, is investigated. For the identification of the general flow pattern and better understanding of the flow field, surface-oil-flow visualization tests and force and moment tests were performed. The angle of attack effect and Reynolds number effect on the separation location are studied with natural transition. Forces and moments tests, surface pressure distribution measurements as well as the surface presure fluctuations, and mini-tuft flow visualization tests were made to document the flow characteristics on the surface of the body with an artificial boundary layer trip. It was found that there exists a critical Reynolds number at which the flow characteristics of the afterbody changes. This critical Reynolds number was also confirmed by the force and moment tests. Above this Reynolds number, as the Reynolds number increases, the separation lines do not change their circumferential location but stretch to the upstream of the body. For the low supercritical Reynolds number range, the angle of attack effect on the location of the primary separation is not as prominent as in the higher Reynolds number range where the cross-flow component effect becomes dominant. Surface pressure fluctuation data and surface pressure spectra were measured and documented for the first time for this type of three-dimensional flow. For the extension of the study to unsteady transient motion effects, a new Dynamic-Plunge-Pitch-Roll (DyPPiR) model mount was designed and developed to generate required transient motions. The measurements carried out during this study are to be used as reference data to identify the unsteady transient effect of the flow field undergoing unsteady transient maneuvers. / Ph. D.

It has become obvious that combined arrays and a response surface approach can be effective tools in our quest to reduce (process) variability. An important aspect of the improvement of quality is to suppress the magnitude of the influence coming from subtle changes of noise factors. To model and control process variability induced by noise factors we take a response surface approach. The derivative of the standard response function with respect to noise factors, i. e., the slopes of the response function in the direction of the noise factors, play an important role in the study of the minimum process variance. For better understanding of the process variability, we study various properties of both biased and the unbiased estimators of the process variance. Response surface modeling techniques and the ideas involved with variance modeling and estimation through the function of the aforementioned derivatives is a valuable concept in this study. In what follows, we describe the use of the response surface methodology for situations in which noise factors are used. The approach is to combine Taguchi's notion of heterogeneous variability with standard design and modeling techniques available in response surface methodology. / Ph. D.

It has been found that naturally hydrophobic carbonaceous materials such as coal and graphite can be selectively coagulated and separated from hydrophilic impurities without the use of oily agglomerants, flocculants or electrolytes. The coagulation occurs at ζ-potentials significantly higher than those predicted by the classical DLVO theory, suggesting that it is driven by a hydrophobic interaction energy. Thus, the process is referred to as the selective hydrophobic coagulation (SHe) process. The fundamental development of this process is the focus of this study. In this study, the energy barriers for the coagulation of two different coal samples and a graphite sample have been calculated using the extended DLVO theory, which incorporates the hydrophobic interaction energy in addition to the dispersion and the electrostatic energies. Stability diagrams have been developed from the data, which show that the maximum ζ-potential at which a given coal can coagulate decreases as surface hydrophobicity decreases. For the coagulation of minerals present in coal, the classical DLVO theory has been used for the energy barrier calculations. The results of these calculations provide an excellent correlation with the results from a series of SHC tests conducted with run-of-mine coal. The strength of the coal aggregates have also been investigated by measuring the coagula size distributions under different hydrodynamic conditions. The coagula size distributions were measured using an in-situ particle size analyzer. These results have been used along with models for coagulation rate and breakage rate to determine strength characteristics of the aggregates and to verify the primary parameters controlling the aggregate size. The study found that the coal and graphite aggregates incurred a substantial reduction in size when a small amount of mechanical agitation was applied. Based on this outcome, quiescent continuous processes have been successfully designed and developed to separate the coagulated hydrophobic particles from the dispersed hydrophilic particles. / Ph. D.

Dans le but d'étendre la portée du concept de boucle phonologique (Baddeley, 1986), une tâche de rappel sériel différé est employée pour étudier l'interférence pendant un intervalle de rétention. Dans l'expérience 1, la durée de l'intervalle de rétention (0, 5,15 et 30 sec.) et la nature de la tâche intercalée (aucune activité, suppression articulatoire et poursuite visuomotrice) sont manipulées. Seule la suppression détériore la performance et l'allongement de l'intervalle n'exacerbe pas la détérioration en suppression articulatoire. Dans l'expérience 2 où la position de la suppression articulatoire dans l'intervalle est manipulée, une suppression située dans la deuxième moitié de l'intervalle produit un effet moins prononcé que celle située dans la première moitié. Les résultats obtenus sont comparables à ceux qu'on observe habituellement en utilisant le rappel sériel immédiat et, ils supportent le modèle de mémoire de travail en montrant que ses prédictions ne sont pas spécifiques à une procédure méthodologique particulière. Par ailleurs, les résultats de l'expérience 2 suggèrent que l'activité d'autorépétition de la boucle phonologique est un processus hétérogène.

Del mismo modo que el Partido Comunista del Perú - Sendero Luminoso en sus inicios, el Movimiento por Amnistía y Derechos Fundamentales – Movadef se muestra como un objeto de estudio “opaco y elusivo”1. Los primeros meses del año 2012 la prensa nacional e internacional concentró su atención sobre este movimiento pequeño en razón de números y hasta ese momento desconocido en el país, que pretendía inscribirse como partido político en el Registro de Organizaciones Políticas del Jurado Nacional de Elecciones. Sus miembros habían reunido las firmas necesarias para poder realizar el trámite que les permitiría participar como un movimiento independiente en las elecciones nacionales y regionales.