This study details the extent to which classical scholars -- Comte, Pareto, and Durkheim -- conceptualized emotion as reflected in their respective works. This interpretive work seeks to further substantiate a classical grounding for the sociology of emotions, that is, to show that there is a breadth of material in the classical repertoire that has gone untapped by contemporary scholars of emotion, and further, that this neglected material may inform current discussions of emotions. It is clear from the review of the three theorist’s works that each maintained a conceptualization of emotion, and considered emotion to be a central concept in the discipline. Pareto’s conceptualization of emotion most clearly resembles an organismic account. Comte’s conceptualization of emotion is both an organismic and an interactive account, and Durkheim’s conceptualization of emotion most clearly resembles an interactive account. Comte’s career in particular is characterized by a shift from a theory that holds no place for emotion to a theory that is clearly dependent on the conceptualization of emotion. Each of the three theorists reviewed conceptualized emotion as a source of motivation for action. In addition, Comte and Durkheim, viewed emotion as an integral part of the process of social cohesion, as instrumental in the integration of individuals into the various institutions that comprise society. / Ph. D.

One of the most famous and frustrating problems in algebra is the zero divisor conjecture. In this work we study some analytical versions of this conjecture. We will give sufficient conditions to determine when elements of CG are uniform non zero divisors, we also give sufficient conditions to determine when elements of CG are p-zero divisors. Examples of p-zero divisors will also be given. Also a measure theoretic approach to the zero divisor conjecture will be given. / Ph. D.

Like a significant number of teacher Education Programs, Pinetree College encountered difficulty meeting new, more rigorous standards put into place in 1988 by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE). As a result of failing to meet some standards in the spring of 1989, significant changes in the Teacher Education Program occurred. These changes began with the development and articulation of a conceptual framework, the informed, thoughtful decision-maker (I.T.D-M). The resulting program led to Pinetree College having accreditation of their Teacher Education Program restored by NCATE in the spring of 1991. The purpose of this study is to attempt to answer the question, what evidence shows that the teacher education K-8 multi-subjects curriculum at Pinetree College serves to develop the behaviors, characteristics and skills that are thought to be important for teachers who are informed, thoughtful decision-makers? This study describes the influences the conceptual framework has had on the program, the faculty who deliver it, and the students who are served by it. The participants in this study include K-8 multi-subject student teachers, faculty who teach required courses in the program, and public school personnel who work with student teachers. Data include program documents, required textbooks, assigned activities, course syllabi, transcribed audio interviews with faculty, public school personnel and student teachers and journals written by student teachers during their professional semester. These data sources were analyzed for the purpose of learning what the nature of the faculty’s understanding of the I.T.D-M. conceptual framework is; how they provide opportunities for students to learn about classroom decision making; how students come to understand the I.T.D-M. framework; how that understanding influences their practice, and finally, how public school personnel perceives Pinetree College student teachers’ skills in making informed decisions as they experience the demands of the classroom. Findings indicate that multi-subjects K-8 student teachers do indeed make preactive and interactive classroom decisions. They report that their understanding of the I.T.D-M. conceptual framework came from faculty who teach required education courses. Faculty report providing experiences which promote an understanding of the framework and practical application of its basic tenets. Public school personnel view Pinetree student teachers in a positive light. They report that recent student teachers are as well prepared or exceed earlier student teachers’ level of competence. This suggests that the multi-subject curriculum and the faculty who implement it provide a context in which students develop a repertoire of skills, behaviors and characteristics that promote the development of a thoughtful, informed individual who makes effective classroom decisions. / Ph. D.

Four experiments were conducted, three to study the value of crab meal and other protein supplements, and the other to explore the potential of steam explosion technique to improve the nutritive value of crab meal. In Expt. 1, 48 Angus x Hereford and Angus x Simmental steers (avg. BW, 223 kg) were used in a 126-d growth study. Diets were formulated to contain 10.5% CP and 63% TDN, DM basis. In each diet, one third of the N was supplied by the protein supplement. Steers were randomly allotted to the following six supplements: 1) soybean meal (SBM); 2) supplement based on industrial byproducts of both plant and animal origin (IPA); 3) experimental supplement based on byproducts of animal origin (ESA); 4) hydrolyzed supplement No. 3 (HESA); 5) commercial supplement (Pro-Lak®) based on animal protein (CS) and 6) crab meal (CM). There were no significant positive responses in performance and feed efficiency for any of the protein supplemented groups compared to SBM. There was a trend for a positive response in gain to feed for steers fed CS and IPA. Lower weight gain and gain:feed were recorded for the steers fed HESA supplement. Steers fed CM diet had numerically higher growth and gain:feed than those fed SBM. In Expt. 2, two metabolism trials were conducted, each with 24 wether lambs (avg. BW, 25 kg). In addition to the six diets that were used for the growth trial, two other diets were used, a negative control (NC) with no supplemental N, and a diet supplemented with urea (U). The supplements supplied one third of the total dietary N. There were no differences in DM and OM digestibilities among the lambs fed the different protein supplements. Lower (P < .05) apparent absorption of N was recorded for the lambs fed the HESA and NC diets. There were no differences in ruminal fluid pH among the sheep fed different protein supplements. Sheep fed CM tended to have higher total VFA compared to other supplements. Highest (P < .05) ruminal NH₃ N and blood urea N were observed in lambs fed the U diet. In Expt. 3, the ruminal degradability of DM and CP of crab meal and other protein supplements were estimated in situ, in a ruminally cannulated steer. The highest DM degradability was for SBM. The ruminal escape of protem was lowest (P < .05) for SBM (23.2%) and the highest (P < .05) for the ESA supplement (79.8%). The respective values for IPA, HESA, CS and CM were, 60.6, 67.3, 69.8, and 48.4%. The IVDMD of feather meal and blood meal combinations (ESA and HESA) were lowest (P < .05). The IVDMD of crab meal was 67%. In Expt. 4, the potential of steam explosion technique to enhance the nutritive value of crab meal was explored. Crab meal was steam exploded in a batch steam explosion reactor at two levels of severities. Steam explosion decreased (P < .05) N content of crab meal by 20%, and did not improve DM degradability nor increase escape of CP. A 60% increase in chitin degradability, from 21.5 to 34.2% was observed for steam exploded CM. Steam explosion improved IVDMD of CM from 65.9% to 75.2%. These studies illustrated that substituting other protein supplements used in this study for SBM did not elicit a significant positive response in steer performance. Crab meal is comparable to SBM or other commercial products as a protein supplement for steers. Steam explosion does not seem to be a promising processing method for improving utilization of crab waste for ruminants. / Ph. D.

Phase change problems with multiple fronts in cylindrical systems, which arise in ice-on-pipe brine thermal energy storage systems, are investigated in this study. Two numerical methods, the boundary element method ( BEM ) and the thermal network method ( TNM ), are developed to solve the multiple front phase change problems. In the thermal network method, the distributed effects of sensible energy are approximated as lumped capacity at the boundaries and quasi-steady assumption is used. In the boundary element method, the full effects of sensible energy are precisely considered. The boundary element method is developed for multiple front phase change problems in one-dimensional radial systems. This method is applied as a module to a 2- dimensional axisymmetric problem and the model is used to predict the dynamic performance of the ice-on-pipe thermal storage systems with a parallel tube arrangement. The thermal network method is developed to solve the 2-dimensional axisymmetric problems with a moving external boundary and the model is used for the ice-on-pipe thermal systems with both counter flow and parallel flow arrangements. Performance predictions generated with the TNM are compared to experimental data from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for Calmac and Baltimore Air Coil (BAC) ice thermal storage systems which have counter flow arrangements. The predicted and measured results for the brine exit temperatures and load profiles are in good agreement throughout most of the charge and discharge cycles. Due to the lack of the experimental data for the counter flow arrangements, the results from BEM for the parallel arrangement problems are tested against the TNM and the negligible sensible heat approximation method (NSH) by comparing the outlet temperature, the latent state-of-charge (L-SOC) of the tube. It is found that BEM and TNM both give consistent and accurate results. / Ph. D.

This is a historical-comparative case study of labor activism and changes in industrial relations in the coal mining industries of the United States, Great Britain and Poland. This research addresses the debate between system- and action-oriented approaches to social change by analyzing the adequacy of two explanations--structuralist and relational--for processes of centralization and decentralization of industrial organization. More specifically, the present research examines the adequacy of the structuralist's assertion about the structurally predetermined, divergent nature of industrial change occurring in capitalist and socialist systems. Alternatively, I suggest that the relational perspective which focuses on interactions of agency and structure and postulates a bottom-up approach to the transformation of industrial relations provides a more nuanced understanding of the processes of organizational change across national and historical boundaries. Based on this study's findings, I conclude by stating limitations of the structuralist perspective and outlining directions for future research. / Ph. D.

S. John Davis served as superintendent of public instruction for the Commonwealth of Virginia from 1979 to 1990. Dr. Davis worked for three governors--John N. Dalton, Charles S. Robb, and Gerald L. Baliles. His tenure in office marked an important era of innovation and change in Virginia's educational history. Davis' state superintendency is first analyzed by a description of the developmental influences which shaped his career. These influences include personal, educational, professional, and historical elements. The second factors of analysis include the institutional limits which shape the work of a state superintendent. A review of the roles of the executive branch, the legislature, the board of education, the department of education, local school divisions, education interest groups, and the Constitution and Code of Virginia make up this aspect of the study. In the third component of analysis five career themes are identified as continually evolving elements in Davis' work. The five themes are politics, funding, educational initiatives, accountability, and management philosophy and style. These variables yield a typology for describing state superintendents of public instruction. S. John Davis' state superintendency is used to explore and test the validity of the model. / Ed. D.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of consultation activities in modifying dimensions of teaching as determined by feedback from student ratings of instruction of nursing educators. Consultation involved the use of two treatment procedures. One procedure involved providing feedback from student ratings of instruction and a teaching seminar to a group of nursing educators. The second procedure involved providing feedback from student ratings of instruction and a series of questions for self reflection on teaching to individual nursing educators. Following these two types of consultation, student ratings of instruction were measured to determine any resultant changes. An experimental posttest, three group design was used to conduct the study. The instruments used for the study were a demographic sheet and the Students' Evaluation of Educational Quality or SEEQ. The sample consisted of 65 nursing faculty members from nine nursing programs located in West Virginia and Virginia. The hypothesis that there is a difference in student ratings of instruction of nursing faculty who participate in group consultation, nursing faculty who participate in individual consultation, and nursing faculty who do not participate in consultation was not supported. Recommendations for further study include having a longer timeframe between the consultation activities and posttesting. There should be follow up studies to ascertain if any different teaching strategies were used as a result of participation in consultative processes. Studies should also be conducted to determine if consultation activities are more effective or useful for nursing faculty at the beginning of their teaching career as compared to more experienced faculty. / Ed. D.

Structural analyses are developed to determine the linear elastic and the geometrically nonlinear elastic response of an internally pressurized, orthogonally stiffened, composite material cylindrical shell. The configuration is a long circular cylindrical shell stiffened on the inside by a regular arrangement of identical stringers and identical rings. Periodicity permits the analysis of a unit cell model consisting of a portion of the shell wall centered over one stringer-ring joint. The stringer-ring- shell joint is modeled in an idealized manner; the stiffeners are mathematically permitted to pass through one another without contact, but do interact indirectly through their mutual contact with the shell at the joint. Discrete beams models of the stiffeners include a stringer with a symmetrical cross section and a ring with either a symmetrical or an asymmetrical open section. Mathematical formulations presented for the linear response include the effect of transverse shear deformations and the effect of warping of the ring’s cross section due to torsion. These effects are important when the ring has an asymmetrical cross section because the loss of symmetry in the problem results in torsion and out-of-plane bending of the ring, and a concomitant rotation of the joint at the stiffener intersection about the circumferential axis. Data from a composite material crown panel typical of a large transport fuselage structure are used for two numerical examples. Although the inclusion of geometric nonlinearity reduces the "pillowing" of the shell, it 1s found that bending is localized to a narrow region near the stiffener. Including warping deformation of the ring into the analysis changes the sense of the joint rotation. Transverse shear deformation models result in increased joint flexibility. / Ph. D.

A process can be monitored for the purpose of detecting and eliminating special causes or for the purpose of adjusting the process to a target value. SPC (Statistical Process Control) methods are used for the purpose of locating and removing any unexpected changes in the quality characteristic. On the other hand, certain processes (manufacturing, chemical etc.) are monitored using APC (Automatic Process Control) methods which compensate for process variability and maintain the process as close as possible to a desired target value. The efficiency of control schemes can be increased by allowing the interval between the samples from the process to vary as a function of the process data. The following are developed for a process control problem using a variable sampling scheme: a model for the process mean, a performance criterion and an estimation technique. The process mean is a random walk model with a control variable. An observation for the process is the mean plus a random error. The Kalman filter estimation technique is used to estimate the time-varying process mean parameter of the process control problem. The objective is to determine the adjustment and sampling strategies that lead to a minimum expected loss. These adjustment and sampling limits address two questions namely, when to adjust and when to take the next sample. The performance of the VSI scheme is compared to the performance of the FSI scheme in terms of the percentage reduction in cost. Also, the effects of the cost combinations and the observation errors on the VSI and FSI are studied. / Ph. D.