Pwnc y traethawd hwn yw’r cyfieithiadau Cymraeg o Elucidarium Honorius Augustodunensis. Er mai fersiwn Llyfr yr Ancr (1346) a olygwyd gan Syr John Rhŷs a John Morris Jones yn 1894 yw’r testun cyflawn hynaf ar glawr, canolbwyntir yma’n bennaf ar fersiwn llawysgrif Llanstephan 27, a gopïwyd c.1400, fersiwn nas golygwyd o’r blaen. Trafodir yn gryno fywyd a chefndir awdur y testun Lladin gwreiddiol, a’r dadleuon ynghylch ei enw a’i dras. Yna crynhoir cynnwys y testun, gan gyfeirio at ffynonellau’r awdur ac at y ffurf a ddewisodd i’w gampwaith. Ceisir rhoi cyfrif am boblogrwydd yr Elucidarium, a’i osod yng nghyd-destun gweithiau eraill yr awdur. Cyfeirir at fersiynau Islandeg/Hen Norwyeg cynnar, a cheir cipolwg ar gyfieithiadau i’r Saesneg ac i’r Ffrangeg, cyn trafod yn fanylach y fersiynau Cymraeg canoloesol a’r berthynas rhyngddynt, gan ystyried hefyd gefndir y cyfieithu yng Nghymru. Edrychir ar ymateb rhai o feirdd Cymru i gynnwys y testun, a dangosir bod diddordeb yn yr Elucidarium wedi parhau yng Nghymru ar ôl y Diwygiad Protestannaidd. Yna ymdrinir â fersiynau o’r testun mewn llawysgrifau diweddarach, sydd yn cael eu hystyried yn grynodebau o destun Honorius. Cymerwyd fersiwn llawysgrif Llanstephan 27 yn brif destun, gan ddangos amrywiadau arno yn y testunau cynharaf. Cynhwysir pennod ar iaith y cyfieithiadau a chynigir nodiadau testunol. Rhoddir mewn atodiad fersiwn Lladin a gyhoeddwyd gan Yves Lefèvre yn 1954 fel testun gwreiddiol Honorius. Atodir llyfryddiaeth ar ddiwedd Cyfrol 1.

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Pascal's Wager, discussed in his Pensées, has provoked discussion and strong views ever since its publication. In it, he proposes: Either God is or he is not. But to which view shall we be inclined? Reason cannot decide this question.ⁱ In this thesis I hope to make a contribution to the ongoing debate by setting Pascal's Wager into a modern decision-making context, providing a taxonomy of objections to the Wager and developing a critical framework which can be used to systematically examine each category in turn to see whether an objection holds. I will also present a new approach to handling 'mixed' strategies, as suggested by Alan Hájek and others, which uses a heuristic model of our perception of infinite rewards. I hold that Pascal's remedy for the unbeliever is a therapeutic response which is entirely in line with modern psychological practice and should not offend moral sensitivities, because it is purely an experiment to see whether faith can naturally arise once the objections are temporarily set aside. I argue that Pascal's Wager needs to be seen as an exercise in personal risk management and that Pascal anticipated both modern decision theory and the associated psychology of how we make choices in formulating his Wager. I suggest that if we understand it in this light, employing the critical toolkit that I assemble, then Pascal's Wager holds against all current objections. ⁱ Blaise Pascal, Pensées, trans. A. J. Krailsheimer (London: Penguin, 1995). 122. L418.

Aucune vie, de son début jusqu’en sa fin, ne peut subsister sans un soin particulier dont elle est bénéficiaire. Du soin maternel au soin médical, passant par des marques d’attentions plurielles, le soin apparaît comme une rencontre essentielle au cours de laquelle la vie est valorisée et soutenue. Conjointement, la foi chrétienne véhicule l’idée d’un soin révélant la présence vivante de Dieu au cœur de l’histoire humaine en vue de la sauver de toute souffrance et de toute mort. Penser la vie comme un lieu théologique consiste à saisir l’importance d’une rencontre personnelle que chacun peut vivre avec Dieu, animée d’une charité qui relève et sauve. Face aux questions éthiques actuelles, le soin chrétien engage, permettant à chacun de se déployer pleinement à travers ce don aux autres et cette relation vivante à Dieu. Unir éthique du care et théologie rend compte d’une démarche soignante humaine et religieuse qui, pour l’homme, apparaît comme un véritable service de la vie. / No life, from its begenning to its end, can subsist without enjoying special care. From maternal care to medical care, not to mention tokens of plural attentions, care appears as an essential meeting during wich life is given more value and more support. Jointly, christian faith conveys the idea of a care wich reveals the living presence of God in the heart of human history with a view to saving it from any suffering and any death. Imagining life as a theological place consists in perceiving the importance of a personal meeting with God that everyone can experience and which is prompted by a form of charity which restores and saves. Confronted with the present ethical questions, christian faith involves and allows everyone to show his true worth through the dedication of his life to others and the living relationship with God. Combining care ethics and theology account for a nursing process both human and religious which, for man, appears as a true service to life.

In this thesis, I investigate the centrality of the sacrifice in the interrelationship between eucharistic sacrifice, real presence and sacramental communion in recent Roman Catholic theology. I explore different ways in which the Eucharist is understood in today’s world. First, I analyse texts of the Second Vatican Council and post-conciliar texts. The Second Vatican Council and post-conciliar official texts present new ways of discussing the Eucharist, which has put into relief diverse aspects which contribute to a deeper understanding of it. Then, I examine texts from the theologians Joseph Ratzinger, Edward Schillebeeckx and David Power and evaluate their work in the light of Vatican II and the post-conciliar texts. These theologians were chosen because Ratzinger and Schillebeeckx shared the advantage of being close to the proceedings of the Council, Ratzinger as a peritus and Schillebeeckx as an advisor to Cardinal Archbishop Alfrink from Utrecht, whereas Power did not participate at the Council. All agree on the teachings of Vatican II but each has responded to the unique event of the Council in his own way. I find great variations in their eucharistic theology that are complementary and thus contribute to deeper understanding of the vast complexity of the Eucharist. Ratzinger finds that the heart of the Eucharist lies in the sacrifice. His contributions have an apostolic and hierarchical emphasis. With a communio-ecclesiology and an emphasis on the People of God he relates unity and union, but does this in a way that might be interpreted as exclusive and narrow. Schillebeeckx aimed at rethinking classical Christology in the light of historical criticism of Scripture. Sacraments are perceived as relational events of an encounter with God. Liturgy is the celebration of God’s interruption into ordinary life giving glimpses of his kingdom. The Eucharist is a performance challenged by the juxtaposition between the verbal and the physical. Power’s contribution is the presentation of the eucharistic sacrifice as an “eventing” of God’s grace with a great emphasis on the kenosis of Christ as gift. He develops creative interpretations of the sacrament of the Eucharist which he flexibly uses when discussing the eucharistic sacrifice. In his theology he preserves both the unity of the faith as well as allowing its expression in diversity. Finally, my study confirms that the eucharistic sacrifice is the central act upon which the real presence and communion depend. The Eucharist is the re-presentation of the sacrifice of the cross; and, as such, it expresses the passion, death, resurrection, ascension and the continual presence of Christ in the sacrament, which has its aim in sacramental communion. Although the Eucharist can be expressed in various ways, it embodies the centrality of the sacrificial act.

La préoccupation théologique et pastorale portant sur l’incisive question de la disjonction entre le message du mystère chrétien et la réalité de la vie humaine trouve une prise en compte favorable dans le concept de « théologie actuelle » émis par le jésuite Henri Bouillard depuis le siècle dernier. Ce concept concentre en effet toute une herméneutique théologique orientant sur un discours qui soit justement « ‘’à la gloire de Dieu’’ parce que défendant l’Humanum ». Comme une expression du combat contre « l’extrincésisme » en théologie, le concept bouillardien engage sur la voie d’une réflexion qui n’est pas un ‘’effet de mode’’, mais plutôt qui allie « sens et fait » dans une « logique de la foi ». Celle-ci, comprenant les « dogmes non pas (seulement) comme révélés, mais (surtout) comme révélateurs », fait de l’existentiel un « lieu théologique ». L’épistémologie connexe au concept de « théologie actuelle » induit donc la recherche de la « consubstantialité » entre le message chrétien et le contexte historique et culturel de l’existence humaine ; celle-ci étant considérée comme « la sphère aurorale du dévoilement » de celui-là. Le concept de « théologie actuelle » honore la vocation théologique comme « production d’un langage inédit, parce qu’elle ne peut redire (… son) origine qu’historiquement et selon une interprétation créatrice. » tel que le dit Cl. Geffré. C’est pourquoi de la pertinence de ce concept bouillardien découle son actualité au moyen d’une actualisation exigeante. / The theological and pastoral issue of the possible disjunction of the message of the Christian mystery from human life finds a favorable consideration through the concept of "actual theology" issued by the Jesuit Henri Bouillard during the last century. This concept concentrates in itself a whole theological hermeneutics inducing a discourse that is precisely "to the glory of God" because it defends the Humanum.As an expression of the struggle against "extrinsicism" in theology, the Bouillardian concept engages us into a reflection that does not follow the "latest fad" but rather combines "meaning and fact" according to the "logic of faith". The latter, including "dogmas not (only) as revealed, but (especially) as revealing," considers the existential reality a "theological place." Thus, the epistemology connected with the concept of "actual theology" leads to the search for the "consubstantiality" between the Christian message and the historical and cultural context of human existence, the latter being considered the "dawn sphere of the unveiling" of the former.The concept of "actual theology" honors the vocation of the theological science as the “production of an unprecedented language, because it can repeat (... its) origin only historically and according to a creative interpretation”, as Cl. Geffre says. That is why the relevance of this Bouillardian concept implicates its validity for today, by means of a demanding update.