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The failure of the Established Church in Wales to provide adequate spiritual provision for the greatly increased population, particularly in South Wales, during the early years of the nineteenth century, provides the backcloth against which the nonconformist grievances found expression. The numerical ascendancy of nonconformity during the early nineteenth century led to demands for religious equality and a just redistribution of the endowments of the Established Church. These demands became less religious and more political as the issue of disestablishment began its long journey through parliament in 1870. Church defence was a reaction to this. It began officially in 1859/60 with the formation of the Church Institution which soon became the Church Defence Institution. Its campaign against disestablishment and disendowment lasted until 1920 when disestablishment created the Church in Wales. This study concentrates on a detailed examination of all the manuscript sources relating to this with particular emphasis on the records of the Church Defence Institution. The records of the Church in Wales are examined together with the diaries and papers of the archbishops of Canterbury and other leading Church figures in the campaign. The views of the episcopate are examined by means of the minutes of their regular meetings at Lambeth. It also examines the papers of the various prime ministers and leading politicians of the time and evaluates their contribution to the debate on the disestablishment and disendowment of the Established Church in Wales. It concludes with a detailed examination of the process by which the Church in Wales was created and use is made of the papers and documents of the Representative Body and the Governing Body.

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This thesis examines the response of the Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference (SACBC) to the South African state during the apartheid era on three related levels: first, domestically in terms of a political history; second, theoretically by examining how Catholic social teaching responded to apartheid, and finally by using the case of South Africa to develop a theory of Catholic international relations. During the period between 1948 and 1990 the Church underwent a profound transformation, from compliance to vocal and sustained opposition. That change was due to a growing realisation by the hierarchy that in order to keep the loyalty of black Catholics they needed to be much more critical of the state. Another crucial factor in that changed attitude was the impact of Vatican II and its increased emphasis on the interrelation of faith and justice. The thesis also argues that the South African Church's response to apartheid can only be truly understood within the context of the universal Church's attitude to church-state relations, since the freedom of action which the South African bishops enjoyed was always constrained by the exigencies of the Holy See's position within the Cold War. The thesis develops an analysis of the Holy See's international relations using South Africa as a case study since it sharply illustrates the problems the Church faced on a global scale; how to secure its own institutional survival within a hostile state whilst simultaneously ensuring internal coherence between different groups, often profoundly at odds with one another on racial, political and doctrinal grounds.

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